Lub zog tshiab tau nce zuj zus tsis ntev los no. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj teeb thiab cov roj teeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes.

1. The working principle of the battery

Cov cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem hloov hluav taws xob ncaj qha, lub zog hluav taws xob, lub zog hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog hu ua roj teeb. Nws suav nrog cov roj teeb tshuaj, roj teeb nuclear, thiab lwm yam, thiab qhov peb feem ntau hu ua roj teeb feem ntau yog hais txog cov roj teeb tshuaj.

Practical chemical batteries are divided into primary batteries and accumulators. The batteries that we come into contact with in our daily lives are mainly accumulators. The battery needs to be charged before use, and then it can be discharged. When charging, the electrical energy is converted into chemical energy; when discharging, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.

Thaum lub roj teeb tawm, qhov tam sim no raug xa mus los ntawm qhov zoo electrode mus rau qhov tsis zoo electrode los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud. Nyob rau hauv cov electrolyte, cov ions zoo thiab tsis zoo ions raug xa mus rau cov electrodes, thiab tam sim no kis tau los ntawm qhov tsis zoo electrode mus rau qhov zoo electrode. Thaum lub roj teeb raug tso tawm, ob lub electrodes tau txais tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab lub Circuit Court raug rho tawm lossis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim. Thaum cov khoom siv tas lawm, qhov tso tawm yuav nres.

Nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv lub roj teeb, lub roj teeb tuaj yeem rov ua dua lossis tsis rov them dua. Qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog thim rov qab, thiab qee qhov yog irreversible.

Lub peev xwm thiab ceev ntawm lub roj teeb nyob ntawm nws cov khoom.

2 Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes roj teeb

Lub xov tooj ntawm tes roj teeb tuaj yeem faib ua peb theem: Ni-Cd roj teeb → Ni-MH roj teeb →

Los ntawm cov npe ntawm peb theem no, peb tuaj yeem pom tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb hauv cov roj teeb tau hloov pauv, thiab muaj kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis ntau dua hauv cov roj teeb. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias tsis muaj lithium roj teeb, yuav tsis muaj lub neej ntse hauv lub neej niaj hnub no.

Thaum lub xov tooj txawb thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1980, lawv kuj tau hu ua “cov xov tooj ntawm tes.” Los ntawm lub npe, peb tuaj yeem pom tias nws loj heev. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas nws loj yog vim nws lub roj teeb loj.

Nyob rau xyoo 1990, Ni-MH roj teeb tau tshwm sim, uas yog me dua thiab ntau tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Motorola lub hnub qub khoom StarTAC siv nickel hlau hydride roj teeb, uas yog me me txaus los cuam tshuam tib neeg txoj kev xav. Lub StarTAC328, tso tawm xyoo 1996, yog lub ntiaj teb thawj lub xov tooj rov qab, hnyav tsuas yog 87 grams.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990s, lithium roj teeb kuj tshwm sim. Xyoo 1992, Sony tau qhia nws tus kheej lithium roj teeb rau hauv nws cov khoom, tab sis vim yog tus nqi siab thiab tsis muaj lub zog zoo, nws tsuas yog siv tau rau hauv nws cov khoom. Tom qab ntawd, nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ntawm lithium roj teeb cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis, nws lub peev xwm thiab tus nqi tau raug txhim kho, thiab maj mam yeej qhov kev nyiam ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab. Lub sijhawm ntawm cov roj teeb lithium tau tuaj txog.

Lithium roj teeb thiab Nobel nqi zog

Txawm hais tias kev hloov ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tau txhim kho sai, kev txhim kho ntawm cov roj teeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog qhov qeeb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, lub peev xwm ntawm cov roj teeb tsuas yog nce 10% txhua 10 xyoo. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom nce lub peev xwm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes roj teeb hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, yog li thaj chaw ntawm cov roj teeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes kuj muaj qhov tsis muaj kev txwv thiab muaj peev xwm.

Lub 2019 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry tau muab tsub rau xibfwb John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham thiab Dr. Akira Yoshino rau lawv txoj haujlwm hauv cov roj teeb lithium. Qhov tseeb, txhua xyoo ua ntej lawv yeej, qee cov neeg twv seb cov roj teeb lithium puas yuav yeej. Kev nce qib ntawm cov roj teeb lithium muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo thiab pab txhawb rau tib neeg, thiab lawv cov khoom plig tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.

Thawj qhov teeb meem roj ntawm Middle East ua tsov rog nyob rau xyoo 1970 ua rau tib neeg paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm kev vam khom rau roj. Nkag mus rau lub zog tshiab tuaj yeem hloov cov roj. Tsis tas li ntawd cov teb chaws zoo siab tau tsim qhov siab tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov roj teeb. Nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem roj, nws cia siab tias yuav muaj kev koom tes hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm lub zog.

Raws li cov khoom qub uas tsim nyob rau thawj ob peb feeb ntawm Big Bang, lithium tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm Swedish chemists nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lithium ions nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. Nws yog reactive heev. Nws qhov tsis muaj zog yog nyob rau hauv reactivity, tab sis nws kuj yog Nws lub zog.

When pure lithium is used as an anode to charge a battery, lithium dendrites are formed, which can cause a short circuit in the battery, cause a fire or even an explosion, but researchers have never given up on lithium batteries.

Peb tus yeej Nobel nqi zog: Stanley Whittingham yog thawj lub roj teeb lithium ua haujlwm tau zoo uas ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev kub thaum xyoo 1970s, siv lub zog tsav ntawm lithium tso tawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud;

Whittingham’s battery can generate a little over two volts. In 1980, Goodenough discovered that the use of cobalt lithium in the cathode can double the voltage. He doubled the potential of the battery, and the high-energy-density cathode material is very light, but it can make a stronger battery. He created better conditions for the development of more useful batteries;

Xyoo 1985, Akase Yoshino tau tsim thawj tus neeg hlau ua lag luam. Nws tau xaiv cov lithium cobalt acid siv los ntawm Goodeneuf ua cov cathode thiab ua tiav tau zoo hloov cov lithium alloy nrog carbon raws li qhov tsis zoo electrode ntawm lub roj teeb. Nws tau tsim lub roj teeb lithium nrog kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov, lub teeb yuag, muaj peev xwm loj, hloov pauv kev nyab xeeb, thiab txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib kis ntawm tus kheej.

Nws yog lawv cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau thawb lithium roj teeb rau suav tsis txheeb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua rau peb txaus siab rau lub neej niaj hnub mobile. Cov roj teeb lithium tau tsim cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau lub zej zog wireless, fossil-fuel-dawb tshiab, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau noob neej.

Technology never stops

Nyob rau hnub ntawd, nws siv sijhawm 10 teev los them thiab 35 feeb los tham, tab sis tam sim no, peb lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau txuas ntxiv mus tas li. Peb yuav tsis raug teeb meem them nyiaj rau lub sijhawm ntev li peb tau ua yav dhau los, tab sis thev naus laus zis tsis tau nres. Peb tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev uas muaj peev xwm loj, me me, thiab roj teeb lub neej ntev.

Txog tam sim no, qhov teeb meem dendrite ntawm lithium roj teeb tseem haunts cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li dab. Tau ntsib nrog qhov kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm kev nyab xeeb no, cov kws tshawb fawb thoob plaws ntiaj teb tseem ua haujlwm hnyav. Goodenough, 90-xyoo-laus tus yeej Nobel nqi zog, tau mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov roj teeb hauv lub xeev.

Phooj ywg, koj xav li cas txog lub zog tshiab? Koj qhov kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej ntawm lub roj teeb teb yog dab tsi? Koj qhov kev cia siab rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes yav tom ntej yog dab tsi?

Zoo siab txais tos koj los tawm lus los tham, thov ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub qhov dub, thiab coj koj cov kev tshawb fawb nthuav dav ntxiv.