Icandelo elitsha lamandla liqhubela phambili kutsha nje. Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nophuhliso kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza kweebhetri kunye neebhetri zeselula.

1. Umgaqo wokusebenza webhetri

Isixhobo esinokuguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla ekhemikhali, amandla okukhanya, amandla obushushu, njl.njl. kumandla ombane kuthiwa yibhetri. Ibandakanya iibhetri zeekhemikhali, iibhetri zenyukliya, njl.

Iibhetri zeekhemikhali ezisebenzayo zohlulwe zibe ziibhetri eziziiprayimari kunye ne-accumulators. Iibhetri esidibana nazo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ikakhulu zii-accumulators. Ibhetri idinga ukutshajwa phambi kokuba isetyenziswe, emva koko ingakhutshwa. Xa utshaja, amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngamandla ekhemikhali; xa ukhupha, amandla ekhemikhali aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane.

Xa ibhetri ikhutshwe, i-current idluliselwa kwi-electrode efanelekileyo ukuya kwi-electrode engafanelekanga ngokusebenzisa isiphaluka sangaphandle. Kwi-electrolyte, ii-ion ezintle kunye nee-ion ezingalunganga zithunyelwa ngokulandelelana kwi-electrodes, kwaye okwangoku ihanjiswa kwi-electrode engalunganga ukuya kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Xa ibhetri ikhutshwa, i-electrode ezimbini zingena kwi-chemical reaction, kwaye isekethe iyanqanyulwa okanye i-chemical reaction yenzeke. Xa izinto eziphathekayo ziphelile, ukukhutshwa kuya kumisa.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwebhetri, ibhetri inokuphinda itshajwe okanye ingaphinde itshajwe. Ezinye iikhemikhali ziyabuyiselwa umva, kwaye ezinye azinakuguqulwa.

Umthamo kunye nesantya sebhetri sixhomekeke kwizinto zayo.

2 Imbali yeebhetri zeselfowuni

Iibhetri zeselfowuni zinokwahlulwa ngokwamanqanaba amathathu: Ibhetri yeNi-Cd → Ibhetri yeNi-MH →

Ukususela kumagama ezi zigaba zintathu, sinokubona ukuba izinto eziphambili zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kwiibhetri ziyatshintsha, kwaye kukho izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kwiibhetri. Singatsho nokuba ngaphandle kweebhetri ze-lithium, ngekhe kubekho ubomi obukrelekrele beselula namhlanje.

Xa iiselfowuni ziqala ukuvela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, zazikwabizwa ngokuba “ziimfonomfono.” Ukusuka kwigama, sinokubona ukuba likhulu. Esona sizathu sokuba inkulu kungenxa yebhetri yayo enkulu.

Kwiminyaka ye-1990, iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zavela, ezincinci kwaye zihambelana nokusingqongileyo. Imveliso yeenkwenkwezi ye-Motorola i-StarTAC isebenzisa iibhetri ze-nickel zentsimbi ye-hydride, ezincinci ngokwaneleyo ukubhukuqa imbono yabantu. IStarTAC328, eyakhutshwa ngo-1996, yayiyifowuni yokuqala yehlabathi, inobunzima obungama-87 grams kuphela.

Ekuqaleni kwee-1990, iibhetri ze-lithium nazo zavela. Ngo-1992, u-Sony wazisa ibhetri ye-lithium kwiimveliso zayo, kodwa ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu kunye nokungabikho kwamandla abalaseleyo, inokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiimveliso zayo. Emva koko, ngokusungulwa kwetekhnoloji yezixhobo zebhetri ye-lithium kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yokuvelisa, amandla ayo kunye neendleko ziye zaphuculwa, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe zaphumelela ubabalo lwabavelisi abaninzi. Ixesha leebhetri ze-lithium lifikile ngokusemthethweni.

Ibhetri yeLithium kunye neBhaso leNobel

Nangona ukutshintshwa kweefowuni eziphathwayo kukhula ngokukhawuleza, ukuphuhliswa kweebhetri zeselfowuni kuhamba kancinci. Ngokwedatha yophando, amandla ebhetri anyuka kuphela nge-10% yonke iminyaka eyi-10. Kuphantse ukuba akunakwenzeka ukunyusa kakhulu umthamo weebhetri zeselfowuni ngexesha elifutshane, ngoko ke intsimi yeebhetri zeselfowuni inamathuba angenamkhawulo kunye nezinto ezinokubakho.

I-2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry yanikezelwa kuNjingalwazi uJohn Goodenough, uStanley Whittingham kunye noGqr Akira Yoshino ngomsebenzi wabo kwintsimi yeebhetri ze-lithium. Ngapha koko, unyaka nonyaka ngaphambi kokuba baphumelele, abanye abantu baqikelela ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium ziya kuphumelela. Inkqubela phambili yeebhetri ze-lithium inempembelelo enkulu kunye negalelo kuluntu, kwaye amabhaso abo afanelekile.

Ingxaki yokuqala yeoli yemfazwe yaseMbindi Mpuma ngeminyaka yoo-1970 yakhokelela abantu ekuboneni ukubaluleka kokususa ukuxhomekeka kwioli. Ukungena kwimithombo emitsha yamandla kunokutshintsha ioyile. Kwakhona amazwe anehlombe adale ukuphakama okutsha kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweebhetri. Ngempembelelo yengxaki yeoli, unethemba lokufaka igalelo kwintsimi yamandla angamanye.

Njengento yakudala eveliswe kwimizuzu embalwa yokuqala yeBig Bang, i-lithium yafunyanwa okokuqala ngamachiza aseSweden ngendlela yeeyoni ze-lithium ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Isebenza ngokugqithisileyo. Ubuthathaka bayo bukwi-reactivity, kodwa ikwangamandla Ayo.

Xa i-lithium ecocekileyo isetyenziswe njenge-anode yokuhlawula ibhetri, i-lithium dendrites yenziwa, enokubangela isiphaluka esifutshane kwibhetri, ibangele umlilo okanye ukuqhuma, kodwa abaphandi abazange bayeke kwiibhetri ze-lithium.

Abaphumelele iBhaso leNobel abathathu: UStanley Whittingham wayengowokuqala ibhetri ye-lithium esebenza ngokupheleleyo esebenza kwiqondo lokushisa kwigumbi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, esebenzisa i-lithium enamandla yokukhupha ii-electron zangaphandle;

Ibhetri kaWhittingham inokuvelisa ngaphezulu kweevolthi ezimbini. Ngowe-1980, uGoodenough wafumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-cobalt lithium kwi-cathode kunokuphinda kabini i-voltage. Waphinda kabini amandla ebhetri, kunye ne-high-energy-density cathode material ilula kakhulu, kodwa inokwenza ibhetri enamandla. Wadala iimeko ezingcono zokuphuhliswa kweebhetri eziluncedo ngakumbi;

Ngowe-1985, u-Akase Yoshino wavelisa irobhothi yokuqala yorhwebo. Wakhetha i-lithium cobalt acid esetyenziswe nguGoodeneuf njenge-cathode kwaye watshintsha ngempumelelo i-lithium alloy kunye nekhabhoni njenge-electrode engalunganga yebhetri. Wavelisa ibhetri ye-lithium kunye nokusebenza okuzinzile, ubunzima obulula, umthamo omkhulu, ukutshintshwa okukhuselekileyo, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokutsha okuzenzekelayo.

Luphando lwabo oluye lwatyhala iibhetri ze-lithium kwiimveliso ze-elektroniki ezingenakubalwa, ezisivumela ukuba sonwabele ubomi beselula bale mihla. Iibhetri zelithium ziye zenza iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokunceda uluntu olutsha olungenazingcingo, olungasebenzisi mafutha eefosili, yaye luyingenelo kakhulu eluntwini.

Itekhnoloji ayipheli

Ngezo ntsuku, kwakuthatha iiyure ezili-10 ukutshaja kunye nemizuzu engama-35 ukuthetha, kodwa ngoku, iiselfowuni zethu zihlala ziphindaphinda. Asiyi kuba phantsi kwengxaki yokutshaja ixesha elide njengoko besenzile ngaphambili, kodwa itekhnoloji ayizange ime. Sisajonga indlela yomthamo omkhulu, ubungakanani obuncinci, kunye nobomi obude bebhetri.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingxaki ye-dendrite yeebhetri ze-lithium isakhathaza abaphandi njengesiporho. Ejongene nalo mngcipheko mkhulu wokhuseleko, izazinzulu kwihlabathi liphela zisasebenza nzima. UGoodenough, oneminyaka engama-90 ubudala ophumelele iBhaso leNobel, uzinikele ngokungagungqiyo kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo.

Mhlobo, ucinga ntoni ngamandla amatsha? Ithini imbono yakho ngekamva lendawo yebhetri? Ulindele ntoni kwiiselfowuni zexesha elizayo?

Wamkelekile ukuba ushiye umyalezo ukuze uxoxe, nceda unikele ingqalelo kwisayensi yomngxuma omnyama, kwaye ndikuzisele isayensi enomdla ngakumbi.