Umkhakha omusha wezamandla ubudlondlobala muva nje. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngokuthuthukiswa kanye nemigomo yokusebenza kwamabhethri namabhethri omakhalekhukhwini.

1. Umgomo wokusebenza webhethri

Idivayisi engaguqula ngokuqondile amandla amakhemikhali, amandla okukhanya, amandla okushisa, njll. ibe amandla kagesi ibizwa ngokuthi ibhethri. Kuhlanganisa amabhethri amakhemikhali, amabhethri enuzi, njll., futhi esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi amabhethri ngokuvamile kubhekisela kumabhethri amakhemikhali.

Amabhethri wamakhemikhali asebenzayo ahlukaniswe amabhethri ayisisekelo nama-accumulators. Amabhethri esihlangana nawo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke ikakhulukazi ama-accumulators. Ibhethri idinga ukushajwa ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, bese lingakhishwa. Lapho ushaja, amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe amandla amakhemikhali; lapho ikhipha, amandla amakhemikhali aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi.

Lapho ibhethri likhishwa, i-current idluliswa isuka ku-electrode ephozithivu iye ku-electrode eyinegethivu ngokusebenzisa isifunda sangaphandle. Ku-electrolyte, ama-ion amahle nama-ion ama-negative ngokulandelana adluliselwa kuma-electrode, futhi okwamanje adluliselwa kusuka ku-electrode engalungile kuya ku-electrode enhle. Uma ibhethri likhishwa, ama-electrode amabili abhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, futhi isekethe iyanqanyulwa noma kwenzeke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lapho impahla isiphelile, ukukhishwa kuzoyeka.

Ngokuya ngezinto ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwebhethri, ibhethri lingashajwa kabusha noma lingashajwa kabusha. Okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyabuyiseleka emuva, kanti okunye akubuyiseleki emuva.

Umthamo nesivinini sebhethri kuncike ezintweni zayo.

2 Umlando wamabhethri omakhalekhukhwini

Amabhethri omakhalekhukhwini ngokuyisisekelo angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu: Ibhethri le-Ni-Cd → Ibhethri le-Ni-MH →

Kusukela emagameni alezi zigaba ezintathu, singabona ukuthi izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kumabhethri ziyashintsha, futhi kukhona ukusungulwa okwengeziwe kwezobuchwepheshe kumabhethri. Singasho nokuthi ngaphandle kwamabhethri e-lithium, bekungeke kube khona impilo ehlakaniphile yeselula namuhla.

Lapho omakhalekhukhwini beqala ukuvela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, babebizwa nangokuthi “omakhalekhukhwini.” Kusukela egameni, siyabona ukuthi inkulu. Isizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi ibe nkulu kungenxa yebhethri layo elikhulu.

Ngawo-1990, kwavela amabhethri e-Ni-MH, amancane futhi ahambisana nemvelo. Umkhiqizo wenkanyezi we-Motorola i-StarTAC isebenzisa amabhethri e-nickel metal hydride, mancane ngokwanele ukuthi aguqule indlela abantu ababona ngayo. I-StarTAC328, eyakhululwa ngo-1996, kwakuyifoni yokuqala emhlabeni, enesisindo esingamagremu angu-87 kuphela.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwavela amabhethri e-lithium. Ngo-1992, u-Sony wethula ibhethri ye-lithium emikhiqizweni yayo, kodwa ngenxa yentengo ephezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla amahle kakhulu, ingasetshenziswa kuphela emikhiqizweni yayo. Kamuva, ngokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwezinto zebhethri ye-lithium kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, umthamo wayo nezindleko zithuthukisiwe, futhi kancane kancane wazuza umusa wabakhiqizi abaningi. Isikhathi samabhethri e-lithium sesifikile ngokusemthethweni.

Ibhethri ye-Lithium kanye neNobel Prize

Nakuba ukushintshwa komakhalekhukhwini kukhula ngokushesha, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri omakhalekhukhwini kuhamba kancane. Ngokusho kwedatha yocwaningo, umthamo wamabhethri ukhuphuka kuphela ngo-10% njalo eminyakeni eyi-10. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukukhulisa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wamabhethri omakhalekhukhwini ngesikhathi esifushane, ngakho-ke insimu yamabhethri eselula nayo inamathuba angenamkhawulo namandla.

Umklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry wango-2019 waklonyeliswa uSolwazi John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham kanye noDkt. Akira Yoshino ngomsebenzi wabo emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium. Eqinisweni, njalo ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuba bawine, abanye abantu babikezela ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium azowina yini. Ukuthuthuka kwamabhethri e-lithium kunomthelela omkhulu kanye negalelo emphakathini, futhi imiklomelo yabo ifaneleka kahle.

Inkinga kawoyela yokuqala yempi yaseMiddle East ngeminyaka yawo-1970 yaholela abantu ekuboneni ukubaluleka kokuqeda ukuncika kuwoyela. Ukufaka imithombo emisha yamandla kungathatha indawo kawoyela. Futhi amazwe anomdlandla adale ukuphakama okusha ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri. Ngomthelela wenkinga kawoyela, unethemba lokuthi uzoba neqhaza emkhakheni wamandla ahlukile.

Njengento yakudala eyakhiqizwa emizuzwini embalwa yokuqala yeBig Bang, i-lithium yatholwa okokuqala osokhemisi baseSweden ngendlela yama-ion lithium ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Isebenza ngokwedlulele. Ubuthakathaka bayo busekusebenzeni kabusha, kodwa futhi kungamandla Akho.

Lapho i-lithium ehlanzekile isetshenziswa njenge-anode yokushaja ibhethri, i-lithium dendrites iyakhiwa, engabangela isifunda esifushane ebhethri, ibangele umlilo noma ngisho nokuqhuma, kodwa abacwaningi abakaze balahle amabhethri e-lithium.

Abawine uMklomelo KaNobel abathathu: UStanley Whittingham wayeyibhethri ye-lithium yokuqala esebenza ngokugcwele esebenza ekamelweni lokushisa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, esebenzisa idrayivu enamandla ye-lithium ukukhulula ama-electron angaphandle;

Ibhethri likaWhittingham lingakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-volts angaphezudlwana amabili. Ngo-1980, uGoodenough wathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-cobalt lithium ku-cathode kungaphinda kabili i-voltage. Uphinde waphinda kabili amandla ebhethri, futhi i-high-energy-density cathode material ilula kakhulu, kodwa ingenza ibhethri elinamandla. Wadala izimo ezingcono zokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri awusizo kakhulu;

In 1985, Akase Yoshino developed the first commercial robot. He chose the lithium cobalt acid used by Goodeneuf as the cathode and successfully replaced the lithium alloy with carbon as the negative electrode of the battery. He developed a lithium battery with stable operation, light weight, large capacity, safe replacement, and greatly reduced risk of spontaneous combustion.

Ucwaningo lwabo oluye lwaphusha amabhethri e-lithium emikhiqizweni eminingi ye-elekthronikhi, okusivumela ukuba sijabulele impilo yesimanje yeselula. Amabhethri e-lithium adale izimo ezifanele zomphakathi omusha ongenazintambo, ongenawo amafutha, futhi asize kakhulu isintu.

Ubuchwepheshe abupheli

In those days, it took 10 hours to charge and 35 minutes to talk, but now, our mobile phones are constantly iterating. We will not be subject to the charging problem for a long time as we did in the past, but the technology has never stopped. We are still exploring the road of large capacity, small size, and long battery life.

Kuze kube manje, inkinga ye-dendrite yamabhethri e-lithium isahlupha abacwaningi njengesipoki. Njengoba bebhekene nale ngozi enkulu yezokuphepha, ososayensi emhlabeni wonke basasebenza kanzima. UGoodenough, oneminyaka engama-90 owine uMklomelo KaNobel, uzinikele ngokuzimisela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri ombuso oqinile.

Mngane, ucabangani ngamandla amasha? Uyini umbono wakho ngekusasa lenkundla yebhethri? Yini oyilindele ngomakhalekhukhwini besikhathi esizayo?

Siyakwamukela ukushiya umlayezo ozoxoxa ngawo, sicela unake isayensi ye-black hole, futhi ulethe isayensi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu.