Amfanin makamashi yana da babban kaso na farashin aiki na masana’antar sarrafa ruwan sha. Yadda ake amfani da sabbin fasahohi da makamashi mai sabuntawa don inganta ingantaccen makamashi da rage yawan amfani da makamashi a cikin samar da ruwa da tsarin kula da ruwa ya zama abin da ake mayar da hankali ga yawancin masana’antar sarrafa ruwa a duniya. A yau za mu gabatar muku da aikace-aikacen makamashin hasken rana a masana’antar najasa da yawa a Amurka.

Hukumar Tsabtace Tsabtace Wajen Washington, Senecaand Western Reshen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa, Germantown & Upper Marlboro, Maryland

Hukumar Kula da Tsaftar Tsaftar Suburban Washington (WSSC) ta kafa masana’antar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 2MW mai zaman kanta, kowannensu zai iya kashe wutar lantarki mai haɗe da grid na shekara na kusan 3278MWh/ shekara. Dukansu tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hotovoltaic an gina su a cikin buɗaɗɗen wurare sama da ƙasa, kusa da injin sarrafa najasa. An zaɓi Standard Solar a matsayin ɗan kwangilar EPC, kuma Washington Gas Energy Services (WGES) ita ce mai shi kuma mai bada PPA. AECOM yana taimaka wa WSSC wajen yin nazarin takaddun ƙira na masu samar da EPC don tabbatar da ingancin tsarin.

AECOM kuma ta ƙaddamar da takaddun izinin muhalli ga Ma’aikatar Muhalli ta Maryland (MDE) don tabbatar da cewa tsarin ɗaukar hoto na hasken rana ya bi ka’idodin muhalli na gida. Dukansu tsarin suna da alaƙa da abokin ciniki na 13.2kV ​​/ 480V na’urar saukar da ƙasa kuma suna tsakanin injin wuta da duk wani relays ko na’urorin da’ira waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga masana’antar sarrafa najasa. Saboda zaɓin wuraren haɗin kai da samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana wanda wasu lokuta (ko da yake da wuya) ya wuce yawan wutar da ake amfani da shi a wurin, an shigar da sabbin relays don hana fitowar wutar daga dawowa cikin grid. Dabarar haɗin kai na wuraren kula da ruwan sha na DC Water’s Blue Plains ya sha bamban da na WSSC kuma yana buƙatar hanyoyin haɗin kai da yawa, musamman la’akari da cewa akwai manyan masu ba da wutar lantarki guda biyu waɗanda ke reshe zuwa manyan mitoci uku na lantarki da madaidaicin matsakaicin wutar lantarki.

Dutsen Canyon Wastewater Jiyya, Dubu Oaks, California

Hill Canyon Sewage Plant an gina shi a cikin 1961, tare da ikon sarrafa yau da kullun na kusan tan 38,000, kuma an san shi da kyakkyawan tsarin kula da muhalli. Gidan najasa yana da na’urar kula da na’ura mai matakai uku, kuma ana iya sake amfani da ruwan da aka gyara a matsayin ruwan da aka kwato. 65% na amfani da wutar lantarki akan rukunin yanar gizon ana samarwa ta hanyar haɗin haɗin gwiwar kilowatt 500 da kuma 584-kilowatt DC (500-kilowatt AC) tsarin hasken rana na photovoltaic. Ana shigar da tsarin photovoltaic na hasken rana a cikin tafki mai cike da ruwa a matsayin gado mai bushewa na biosolids, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 8. Ana shigar da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar a kan maƙallan axis guda ɗaya sama da matakin ruwa mafi girma, kuma an shigar da duk na’urorin lantarki a gefe ɗaya. tashar don rage kutsawar ruwa. An ƙera tsarin don kawai buƙatar shigar da ginshiƙai na tsaye akan farantin gindin simintin tafkin da ke akwai, rage adadin ginin da ake buƙata don tulin gargajiya ko tushe. An shigar da tsarin photovoltaic na hasken rana a farkon 2007 kuma yana iya kashe 15% na sayayyar grid na yanzu.

Gundumar Ruwan Ruwa na Ventura County, Moorpark Mai Rarraba Ruwa, Moorpark, California

Kusan galan miliyan 2.2 (kimanin 8330m3) na najasa daga masu amfani da 9,200 suna kwarara zuwa cikin Kayan Gyaran Ruwa na Moorpark kowace rana. Tsarin dabarun 2011-2016 na gundumar Ventura ya yi cikakken bayani game da “mahimman wurare” guda biyar, gami da “muhalli, amfani da ƙasa, da kayayyakin more rayuwa”. Wadannan su ne maƙasudin dabarun dabarun a cikin wannan takamaiman filin: “Yi amfani da matakan rage yawan makamashi mai tsada da rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar aiki mai zaman kansa, tsara yanki, da haɗin gwiwar jama’a / masu zaman kansu.”

A cikin 2010, Gundumar Ruwa ta Ventura County No. 1 ta haɗu tare da AECOM don bincika tsarin hotovoltaic. A cikin Yuli 2011, yankin ya sami lambar yabo ta aikin 1.13 MW photovoltaic aikin asusu a Moorpark Waste Reclamation Facility. Yankin ya bi dogon tsari na neman tsari (RFP). A ƙarshe, a farkon 2012, an ba da RECsolar izini don aikin don fara ƙira da gina tsarin hoto. An yi amfani da tsarin photovoltaic a watan Nuwamba 2012 kuma ya sami izinin aiki na layi daya.

Tsarin photovoltaic na hasken rana na yanzu yana iya samar da wutar lantarki kusan kilowatt miliyan 2.3 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan zai iya kashe kashi 80% na wutar lantarki da tashar ruwa ta saya daga grid. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 9, tsarin bin diddigin axis guda ɗaya yana samar da ƙarin wutar lantarki 20% fiye da tsarin karkatacce na gargajiya, don haka gabaɗayan samar da wutar lantarki an inganta. Ya kamata a lura cewa lokacin da axis ya kasance a cikin shugabanci na arewa-kudu kuma bit array yana cikin filin budewa, tsarin bin diddigin guda ɗaya yana da mafi girman inganci. Shuka sake yin amfani da shara na Mookpark yana amfani da filayen noma da ke kusa don samar da wuri mafi kyau don tsarin hotovoltaic. Tushen tsarin bin diddigin an tattara shi a kan faffadan faffadan faffadan da ke karkashin kasa, wanda ke rage tsadar gini da lokaci sosai. A duk tsawon rayuwar aikin, yankin zai tanadi kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 4.5.

Gudanar da Ayyukan Jama’a na Gundumar Camden, New Jersey

A cikin 2010, Hukumar Kula da Kayan Aikin Gaggawa na Gundumar Camden (CCMUA) ta kafa wa kanta babban buri na yin amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki na gida don sarrafa galan miliyan 60 da ake samarwa kowace rana (Kusan 220,000 m³). CCMUA ya gane cewa tsarin hasken rana na photovoltaic yana da irin wannan damar. Koyaya, masana’antar kula da ruwan sharar CCMUA galibi tana kunshe da tankuna masu buɗe ido, kuma tsararren rufin rufin rana na gargajiya ba zai iya samar da wani ma’auni don samar da wuta ba.

Duk da wannan, CCMUA har yanzu yana buɗe taushi. Mista Helio Sage, wanda ya shiga cikin tayin, ya bayyana imaninsa cewa ta hanyar wasu ƙarin ayyuka, za a yi amfani da tsarin photovoltaic kamar garejin hasken rana a sama da buɗaɗɗen tanki. Tun da aikin kawai yana da ma’ana idan CCMUA zai iya samun tanadin makamashi nan da nan, ƙirar ƙirar dole ne ba kawai ta kasance mai ƙarfi ba, har ma da tsada.

A cikin Yuli 2012, Cibiyar Rana ta CCMUA ta ƙaddamar da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 1.8MW na hasken rana, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 7,200 na hasken rana kuma ya rufe filin budewa na kadada 7. Ƙirƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta ta’allaka ne a cikin shigar da tsarin rufin ƙafar ƙafa 8-9, wanda ba zai tsoma baki tare da amfani, aiki ko kula da wasu wuraren waha ba.

Tsarin photovoltaic na hasken rana shine tsarin hana lalata (ruwa mai gishiri, carbonic acid da hydrogen sulfide), da kuma gyaran gyare-gyare na carport wanda Schletter ya ƙera (sanannen mai ba da kayan aiki na photovoltaic bracket tsarin, ciki har da carports). A cewar PPA, CCMUA ba shi da babban kashe kudi kuma ba shi da alhakin kowane aiki da farashin kulawa. Iyakar nauyin kuɗi na CCMUA shine biyan ƙayyadadden farashi don wutar lantarki na shekaru 15. CCMUA yayi kiyasin cewa zai ceto miliyoyin daloli na farashin makamashi.

An kiyasta cewa tsarin hasken rana zai samar da kimanin kilowatt-hours miliyan 2.2 (kWh) na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma aikin da ya dogara da shafin yanar gizon CCMUA mai hulɗa zai fi kyau. Gidan yanar gizon yana nuna abubuwan samar da makamashi na yanzu da tarawa da halayen muhalli, kuma yana nuna samar da makamashi na yanzu a ainihin lokacin, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi na ƙasa.

Gundumar Ruwa ta West Basin Municipal, EI Segundo, California

Gundumar Water Basin Municipal (West Basin Municipal Water District) wata cibiyar jama’a ce da aka sadaukar don ƙirƙira tun 1947, tana ba da sha da kwato ruwa zuwa murabba’in murabba’in 186 na yammacin Los Angeles. West Basin ita ce yanki na shida mafi girma na ruwa a California, yana hidimar kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya.

A cikin 2006, West Basin ta yanke shawarar shigar da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kan wuraren da aka kwato na ruwa, da fatan samun fa’idodin kuɗi da muhalli na dogon lokaci. A cikin Nuwamba 2006, Sun Power ya taimaka West Basin shigar da kuma kammala tsararrun hoto, wanda ya ƙunshi nau’ikan 2,848 kuma yana samar da kilowatts 564 na halin yanzu kai tsaye. An shigar da tsarin a saman tankin ajiyar simintin sarrafa kankare na karkashin kasa a yankin. Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana na Yammacin Basin na iya samar da kusan sa’o’in kilowatt 783,000 na makamashi mai tsafta a kowace shekara, yayin da rage farashin wuraren jama’a da fiye da 10%. Tun lokacin da aka shigar da tsarin photovoltaic a cikin 2006, yawan kuzarin makamashi kamar na Janairu 2014 shine 5.97 gigawatts (GWh). Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna tsarin photovoltaic a West Basin.

Rancho California Water District, Santa Rosa Reclaimed Water Plant, Murrieta, California

Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1965, Rancho California Water District (Rancho California Water District, RCWD) ya ba da ruwan sha, kula da najasa, da sabis na sake amfani da ruwa zuwa yankunan da ke tsakanin radius na murabba’in mil 150. Yankin sabis shine Temecula/RanchoCalifornia, gami da Temecula City, sassan Murrieta City, da sauran yankuna a cikin gundumar Riverside.

RCWD yana da hangen nesa na gaba kuma yana da matuƙar kula da yanayi da farashi mai mahimmanci. Fuskantar karuwar farashin kayan aikin jama’a da farashin makamashi na shekara-shekara na sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 5, sun ɗauki samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana a matsayin madadin. Kafin yin la’akari da tsarin photovoltaic na hasken rana, kwamitin gudanarwa na RCWD ya kimanta jerin zaɓuɓɓukan makamashi mai sabuntawa, ciki har da wutar lantarki, famfo ma’ajiyar ajiya, da dai sauransu.

A cikin Janairu 2007, wanda Shirin California Solar Energy Programme ya jagoranta, RCWD ta sami kyautar wasan kwaikwayo-kawai $0.34 a kowace kilowatt-awat na wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru biyar a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar jama’a na gida. RCWD tana motsa PPA ta hanyar SunPower, ba tare da kashe kuɗi ba. RCWD kawai yana buƙatar biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da tsarin photovoltaic ke samarwa. SunPower ne ke ba da kuɗi, mallakarsa kuma yana sarrafa tsarin photovoltaic.

Tun shigar da tsarin 1.1 MW DC na hoto na RCWD a cikin 2009, yankin yana jin daɗin fa’idodi da yawa. Misali, Wurin Gyara Ruwa na Santa Rosa (Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility) na iya adana dalar Amurka 152,000 a cikin farashi a shekara, yana kashe kusan kashi 30% na buƙatun makamashi na shuka. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda RCWD ke zaɓar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Makamashi (RECs) da ke da alaka da tsarinta na photovoltaic, zai iya rage fiye da fam miliyan 73 na gurbataccen iskar carbon a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, kuma yana da tasiri mai kyau na kasuwa a kan muhalli.

Ana sa ran tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana zai yi tanadin kudin wutar lantarki da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 6.8 ga yankin nan da shekaru 20 masu zuwa. Tsarin hoto na hasken rana da aka shigar a cikin shukar RCWD Santa Rosa tsarin karkatar da hankali ne. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun tsarin karkatar da al’ada, ƙimar samar da makamashin sa ya kai kusan kashi 25%. Sabili da haka, yana kama da tsarin photovoltaic na axis guda ɗaya kuma yana daidaitawa Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin karkatar da hankali, ƙimar farashi kuma yana inganta sosai. Bugu da kari, tsarin bin diddigin na bukatar yanki mai girma don gujewa rufe layin inuwa ta layi, kuma dole ne a daidaita shi a madaidaiciyar layi. Tsarin bin diddigin madaidaici yana da iyakokin sa. Hakazalika da tsarin bin diddigin axis guda ɗaya, dole ne a gina shi a cikin buɗaɗɗen wuri kuma mara ƙayyadaddun yanki na rectangular.