Oriri ike na-akwụ ụgwọ maka nnukwu ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri. Otu esi eji teknụzụ ọhụrụ na ume ọhụrụ na-emeziwanye ike ike ma belata oriri ume na mmiri na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri aghọwo ihe a na-elekwasị anya nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpocha mmiri n’ụwa. Taa, anyị ga-ewebata gị ngwa nke ike anyanwụ n’ọtụtụ osisi nsị na United States.

Kọmịshọna Ịdị ọcha nke Suburban Washington, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri Mmiri Senecaand Western, Germantown & Upper Marlboro, Maryland

The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) ehiwela ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ 2 MW kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke ọ bụla n’ime ha nwere ike mebie ikike ejikọrọ grid kwa afọ nke ihe dịka 3278MWh / afọ. A na-ewu usoro mmepụta ọkụ fotovoltaic abụọ n’ime ebe a na-emeghe n’elu ala, n’akụkụ ebe a na-edozi mmiri. Ahọpụtara Standard Solar dị ka onye nkwekọrịta EPC, yana Washington Gas Energy Services (WGES) bụ onye nwe ya na onye na-eweta PPA. AECOM na-enyere WSSC aka na nyochaa akwụkwọ nhazi nke ndị na-eweta EPC iji hụ na usoro ahụ dị elu.

AECOM nyekwaara akwụkwọ ikike ikike gburugburu na Maryland Department of Environment (MDE) iji hụ na usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ejikọtara sistemu abụọ a na onye ahịa nke ngwaọrụ mgbada 13.2kV ​​/ 480V ma dị n’etiti igwe ngbanwe na relays ma ọ bụ ihe mgbawa sekit ọ bụla nke na-echebe ụlọ ọrụ nsị mmiri. N’ihi nhọrọ nke njikọ njikọ na ike anyanwụ na mgbe ụfọdụ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịkarịghị) na-agafe ike oriri na saịtị, arụnyere relays ọhụrụ iji gbochie mmepụta ike ịlaghachi na grid. Usoro njikọ njikọ nke DC Water’s Blue Plains ụlọ ọrụ mmiri mkpofu mmiri dị nnọọ iche na nke WSSC ma na-achọ ọtụtụ ụzọ njikọ njikọ, tumadi na-atụle na e nwere isi ihe abụọ na-enye ike ọkụ eletrik na-abanye na mita eletrik atọ na sekit voltaji kwekọrọ.

Osisi ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ugwu Canyon, puku Oaks, California

Ewubere ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri nke ugwu Canyon na 1961, nwere ikike nhazi kwa ụbọchị nke ihe dị ka tọn 38,000, ma mara ya maka njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi mara mma. A na-eji ihe eji eme ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-asọ asọ nke atọ, a pụkwara iji mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa mee ihe dị ka mmiri eweghachitere. 65% nke oriri ike na saịtị na-emepụta site na 500-kilowatt cogeneration unit na 584-kilowatt DC (500-kilowatt AC) usoro fotovoltaic anyanwụ. A na-etinye usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ n’ime mmiri mmiri na-ejupụta dị ka akwa ihicha nke biosolids, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 8. A na-etinye ihe ndị a modular na otu-axis tracker n’elu ọkwa mmiri kachasị elu, a na-etinyekwa ngwaọrụ eletrik niile n’otu akụkụ. ọwa iji belata ntinye mmiri. Emebere usoro ahụ naanị iji wụnye arịlịka pier vetikal na efere ọdọ mmiri dị adị, na-ebelata ihe owuwu achọrọ maka ikpokọta ọdịnala ma ọ bụ ntọala. Ejiri usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ na mmalite 2007 ma nwee ike ịkwụsị 15% nke ịzụrụ grid ugbu a.

Mpaghara Ventura County Waterworks, Osisi mmiri eweghachitere Moorpark, Moorpark, California

Ihe dị ka nde galọn 2.2 (ihe dị ka 8330m3) nke nsị si n’aka ndị ọrụ 9,200 na-abanye n’Ebe Mweghachi Mmiri nke Moorpark kwa ụbọchị. Atụmatụ atụmatụ 2011-2016 nke Ventura County kọwapụtara “akụkụ ise” gụnyere “gburugburu, iji ala, na akụrụngwa”. Ndị na-esonụ bụ isi ebumnuche atụmatụ atụmatụ dị na mpaghara a akọwapụtara: “Mepụta usoro nchekwa ike na mbelata ikuku dị ọnụ ahịa site na ọrụ onwe, nhazi mpaghara, na mmekorita ọha / nkeonwe.”

Na 2010, Ventura County Water District No. 1 kwadoro AECOM iji nyochaa usoro fotovoltaic. Na Julaị 2011, mpaghara ahụ nwetara onyinye nturu ugo ọrụ fotovoltaic nke 1.13 MW na Mkpofu Mkpofu Moorpark. Mpaghara a agabigala usoro arịrịọ maka atụmatụ (RFP). N’ikpeazụ, na mmalite 2012, e nyere RECsolar ikike maka ọrụ ahụ iji malite nhazi na iwu nke usoro fotovoltaic. Ejiri usoro fotovoltaic mee ihe na Nọvemba 2012 wee nweta ikike ọrụ yiri ya.

Usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ dị ugbu a nwere ike ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik dị ihe dị ka nde kilowatt 2.3 kwa afọ, nke nwere ike ime ka 80% nke ọkụ eletrik zụtara site na grid. Dị ka e gosiri na foto 9, usoro nlekota otu-axis na-emepụta 20% ọkụ eletrik karịa usoro omenala a na-edozi anya, ya mere emeziwanye mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n’ozuzu ya. Ekwesiri iburu n’uche na mgbe axis dị n’ebe ugwu-n’ebe ndịda na bit array dị na ebe a na-emeghe, usoro nlekota otu-axis nwere arụmọrụ kachasị elu. Osisi na-emegharị ihe mkpofu Mookpark na-eji ala ubi dị n’akụkụ iji nye ebe kacha mma maka sistemụ fotovoltaic. A na-akwakọba ntọala nke usoro nleba anya na mbara ala flange dị n’okpuru ala, nke na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu na oge. N’ime usoro ndụ niile nke ọrụ a, mpaghara ahụ ga-echekwa ihe dịka nde US $ 4.5.

Ọrụ nchịkwa ọhaneze nke Camden County, New Jersey

N’afọ 2010, Camden County Municipal Utilities Authority (CCMUA) setịpụrụ onwe ya ebumnuche nkwuwa okwu nke iji 100% ume ọhụrụ dị ọnụ ala karịa ọkụ eletrik nke mpaghara iji hazie 60 nde galọn a na-emepụta kwa ụbọchị (Ihe dịka 220,000 m³). CCMUA ghọtara na sistemụ fotovoltaic anyanwụ nwere ikike dị otú ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmiri mkpofu CCMUA bụ nke tankị mmeghachi omume mepere emepe na-emepe emepe, na usoro mbara igwe ọdịnala enweghị ike imepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfọdụ iji nye ike.

N’agbanyeghị nke a, CCMUA ka dị nro. Maazị Helio Sage, bụ onye sonyere na nro ahụ, gosipụtara nkwenye ya na site na ụfọdụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, a ga-etinye usoro fotovoltaic dị ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke anyanwụ n’elu ebe a na-emeghe sedimentation tank. Ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ ahụ bụ naanị ezi uche ma ọ bụrụ na CCMUA nwere ike nweta ego nchekwa ọkụ ozugbo, nhazi nke atụmatụ ahụ agaghị abụ naanị ihe siri ike, kamakwa ọ na-efu ọnụ.

Na Julaị 2012, CCMUA Solar Center weputara sistemu ike igwe fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ nke 1.8 MW, nke nwere ihe karịrị 7,200 mbara igwe ma kpuchie ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe nke acres 7. Ihe ọhụrụ nke imewe ahụ dabeere na ntinye nke usoro mkpuchi elu nke 8-9 ụkwụ, nke na-agaghị egbochi iji, ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-edozi ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ.

Ọdịdị nke fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ bụ ihe mgbochi corrosion (mmiri nnu, carbonic acid na hydrogen sulfide), na ihe mkpuchi ụgbọ ala gbanwere nke Schletter (onye na-ebubata nke ọma nke fotovoltaic bracket system, gụnyere carports). Dị ka PPA si kwuo, CCMUA enweghị ego mmefu ego na ọ bụghị maka ọrụ ọ bụla na ụgwọ mmezi. Naanị ọrụ ego nke CCMUA bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ike anyanwụ maka afọ 15. CCMUA na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-azọpụta ọtụtụ nde dollar na ụgwọ ike.

A na-eme atụmatụ na usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ ga-emepụta ihe dị ka 2.2 nde kilowatt-hours (kWh) nke ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ, na arụmọrụ dabere na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ CCMUA mmekọrịta ga-aka mma. Weebụsaịtị ahụ na-egosiputa mmepụta ike dị ugbu a ma kwakọba na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, ma gosipụta mmepụta ike dị ugbu a na ozugbo, dị ka egosiri na foto dị n’okpuru.

West Basin Municipal Water District, EI Segundo, California

West Basin Municipal Water District (West Basin Municipal Water District) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha raara onwe ya nye ihe ọhụrụ kemgbe 1947, na-enye ọ drinkingụ andụ na eweghachi mmiri na 186 square kilomita nke ọdịda anyanwụ Los Angeles. West Basin bụ mpaghara mmiri nke isii kachasị na California, na-ejere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde mmadụ ozi.

N’afọ 2006, West Basin kpebiri ịwụnye usoro mmepụta ọkụ fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ na ụlọ mmiri ya eweghachiri, na-atụ anya inweta uru ego na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ogologo oge. Na Nọvemba 2006, Sun Power nyeere West Basin aka ịwụnye na mezue nhazi fotovoltaic, nke nwere modul 2,848 ma na-emepụta 564 kilowatts nke ugbu a. A na-etinye usoro ahụ n’elu ebe nchekwa ihe nchekwa ihe n’okpuru ala dị na mpaghara ahụ. Sistemụ ọkụ fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ nke West Basin nwere ike iwepụta ihe dị ka awa 783,000 nke ike mmeghari ume dị ọcha kwa afọ, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ọha karịa 10%. Ebe ọ bụ na echichi nke fotovoltaic usoro na 2006, mkpokọta ike mmepụta dị ka nke Jenụwarị 2014 bụ 5.97 gigawatts (GWh). Foto dị n’okpuru ebe a na-egosi usoro fotovoltaic na West Basin.

Mpaghara mmiri Rancho California, Osisi mmiri eweghachitere Santa Rosa, Murrieta, California

Kemgbe e hiwere ya na 1965, Rancho California Water District (Rancho California Water District, RCWD) enyela mmiri ọñụñụ, ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri, na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ejigharị mmiri na mpaghara dị n’ime radius square kilomita 150. Mpaghara ọrụ bụ Temecula/RanchoCalifornia, gụnyere Temecula City, akụkụ nke Murrieta City, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na Riverside County.

RCWD nwere ọhụụ na-atụ anya ma nwee mmetụta nke ukwuu maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ahịa atụmatụ. N’ịbụ ndị na-eche ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ọha na-arịwanye elu na ụgwọ ike kwa afọ nke ihe karịrị nde dollar US 5, ha lere ọgbọ ọkụ fotovoltaic anya dị ka ihe ọzọ. Tupu atụle usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ RCWD tụlere usoro nhọrọ ike mmeghari ohuru, gụnyere ike ikuku, ebe nchekwa nchekwa mgbapụta, wdg.

Na Jenụwarị 2007, nke California Solar Energy Programme chụpụrụ, RCWD nwetara ihe nrite arụmọrụ-naanị $0.34 kwa elekere ọkụ eletrik n’ime afọ ise n’okpuru ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. RCWD na-eme PPA site na SunPower, na-enweghị mmefu ego. RCWD chọrọ naanị ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọkụ eletrik nke sistemu fotovoltaic na-emepụta. A na-akwado usoro fotovoltaic, nke SunPower na-arụkwa ya.

Kemgbe etinyere sistemu fotovoltaic nke RCWD 1.1 MW DC na 2009, mpaghara ahụ na-enweta ọtụtụ uru. Ọmụmaatụ, Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility (Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility) nwere ike ịchekwa US$152,000 na-akwụ ụgwọ otu afọ, na-ewepụ ihe dịka 30% nke mkpa ike nke osisi ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, dị ka RCWD na-ahọrọ Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) metụtara usoro fotovoltaic ya, ọ nwere ike ibelata ihe karịrị 73 nde pound nke ikuku carbon na-emerụ ahụ n’ime afọ 30 na-esote, ma nwee mmetụta dị mma n’ahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi.

A na-atụ anya na usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ ga-echekwa ihe ruru nde dollar 6.8 na ọkụ eletrik maka mpaghara ahụ n’ime afọ 20 na-esote. Igwe fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ arụnyere na osisi RCWD Santa Rosa bụ usoro nleba anya tilt. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro nkwụghachi azụ nke ọdịnala, ọnụego nrụpụta ike ya dị ihe dịka 25% dị elu. Ya mere, ọ dị ka usoro fotovoltaic nke otu-axis na nke a na-edozi ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro tilt, ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa na-abawanye nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye, usoro nleba anya nke oblique chọrọ mpaghara ka ukwuu iji zere ikpuchi ahịrị onyinyo ahụ site na ahịrị, na a ga-atụgharịrịrị n’ahịrị kwụ ọtọ. Usoro nsuso oblique nwere oke ya. Yiri usoro nleba anya otu-axis, a ga-ewurịrị ya na mpaghara akụkụ anọ mepere emepe na enweghị mmachi.