Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kubala umlinganiselo omkhulu weendleko zokusebenza kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. Indlela yokusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha kunye namandla avuselelekayo ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunikezelo lwamanzi kunye nenkqubo yokucoca amanzi iye yaba yingqwalasela yezityalo ezininzi zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka emhlabeni. Namhlanje siza kukwazisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga kwizityalo ezininzi zogutyulo eUnited States.

IKomishoni yoGutyulo lwamanzi amdaka edolophu yaseWashington, iSeneca kunye nesentshona yeSebe lokucoca aManzi amdaka, eGermantown naseUpper Marlboro, eMaryland.

I-Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) iseke amaziko amabini azimeleyo ombane we-solar photovoltaic e-2 MW, nganye kuwo inokuphelisa ukuthengwa kwamandla onyaka aqhagamshelwe kwigridi emalunga nama-3278MWh/ngonyaka. Zombini iinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla e-photovoltaic zakhiwe kwiindawo ezivulekileyo ngaphezu komhlaba, ecaleni kwendawo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. I-Standard Solar yakhethwa njengekontraka ye-EPC, kunye ne-Washington Gas Energy Services (WGES) yayingumnini kunye nomnikezeli wePPA. I-AECOM incedisa i-WSSC ekuphononongeni amaxwebhu ayilo ababoneleli be-EPC ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wenkqubo.

I-AECOM iphinde ingenise amaxwebhu emvume yokusingqongileyo kwiSebe lezokusiNgqongileyo lase-Maryland (MDE) ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga ihambelana nemimiselo yendawo yendawo. Zombini ezi nkqubo ziqhagamshelwe kumxhasi wesixhobo sokuhla se-13.2kV/ 480V kwaye sibekwe phakathi kwe-transformer kunye nazo naziphi na iireyilayi okanye ii-circuit breakers ezikhusela umzi-mveliso wokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. Ngenxa yokhetho lweendawo zoqhagamshelo kunye nokuveliswa kombane welanga ngamanye amaxesha (nangona kunqabile) ukodlula ukusetyenziswa kombane kwisiza, iirelays ezintsha zifakelwe ukuthintela ukuphuma kombane ekubuyeleni kwigridi. Isicwangciso soqhagamshelo lwezixhobo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka e-DC Water’s Blue Plains yahluke kakhulu kuleyo ye-WSSC kwaye ifuna iindlela zoqhagamshelo ezininzi, ingakumbi kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba zibini ezingundoqo i-feeder zamandla ezisebenza kwiimitha ezintathu eziphambili zombane kunye neesekethe zombane ophakathi ezihambelanayo.

I-Hill Canyon Waste Water Treatment Plant, kwiwaka le-Oaks, eCalifornia

I-Hill Canyon Sewage Treatment Plant yakhiwa ngo-1961, kunye nomthamo wokusetyenzwa kwemihla ngemihla malunga neetoni ezingama-38,000, kwaye iyaziwa ngolawulo olubalaseleyo lokusingqongileyo. Umzi-mveliso wogutyulo uxhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokucocwa ngamanqanaba amathathu, kwaye amanzi amdaka acociweyo angaphinda asetyenziswe njengamanzi abuyiselweyo. I-65% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisiza iveliswa yiyunithi ye-500-kilowatt cogeneration kunye ne-584-kilowatt DC (500-kilowatt AC) inkqubo ye-solar photovoltaic. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga ifakwe kwi-reservoir echichimayo njengombhede wokumisa we-biosolids, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 8. Ezi zixhobo zemodyuli zifakwe kwi-tracker ye-axis enye ngaphezu komgangatho ophezulu wamanzi, kwaye zonke izixhobo zombane zifakwe kwelinye icala umjelo wokunciphisa ukungena kwamanzi. Inkqubo iyilelwe ukuba ifune kuphela ukufakela iiankile zepier ezithe nkqo kwipleyiti esezantsi yedama lekhonkrithi ekhoyo, ukunciphisa ubungakanani bolwakhiwo olufunekayo kwimfumba yemveli okanye iziseko. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga ifakwe ekuqaleni kwe-2007 kwaye inokunciphisa i-15% yokuthengwa kwegridi yangoku.

ISithili seMisebenzi yaManzi yaseVentura, iMoorpark Reclaimed Water Plant, eMoorpark, eCalifornia

Malunga ne-2.2 yezigidi zeegaloni (malunga nama-8330m3) zogutyulo olusuka kubasebenzisi abangama-9,200 zingena kwiZiko lokuLungisa aManzi eMoorpark yonke imihla. Isicwangciso sobuchule se-2011-2016 se-Ventura County sichaza “iindawo eziphambili” ezintlanu, kuquka “indalo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye neziseko”. Oku kulandelayo zizinto eziphambili kwiinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo kule nkalo ikhethekileyo: “Ukuphumeza imilinganiselo yokonga amandla kunye neyokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwexabiso eliphantsi ngokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ucwangciso lommandla, kunye nentsebenziswano yoluntu / yabucala.”

Kwi-2010, i-Ventura County Water District No. 1 ibambisene ne-AECOM ukuphanda iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic. NgoJulayi 2011, lo mmandla ufumene ibhaso leprojekthi ye-photovoltaic eyi-1.13 MW kwiZiko lokuBuyiselwa kweNkunkuma yaseMoorpark. Ummandla uye wadlula kwinkqubo yeSicelo seSindululo (RFP) ende. Ekugqibeleni, ekuqaleni kwe-2012, i-RECSolar yanikezelwa isigunyaziso sokuba iprojekthi iqalise ukuyila kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo ye-photovoltaic. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yasetyenziswa ngoNovemba 2012 kwaye yafumana imvume yokusebenza ngokuhambelanayo.

Inkqubo yangoku ye-solar photovoltaic inokuvelisa malunga ne-2.3 yezigidi ze-kilowatt-iiyure zombane ngonyaka ngamnye, onokuphantse ukucima i-80% yombane othengwe ngumatshini wamanzi kwigridi. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 9, inkqubo yokulandelela i-single-axis ivelisa i-20% yombane ngaphezu kwenkqubo ye-tilt esisigxina yendabuko, ngoko ke ukuveliswa kombane jikelele kuphuculwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba xa i-axis isendleleni esenyakatho-esezantsi kunye ne-bit array kwindawo evulekileyo, inkqubo yokulandelela i-single-axis inokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu. I-Mookpark Waste Recycling Plant isebenzisa umhlaba weefama okufuphi ukubonelela ngeyona ndawo ingcono kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic. Isiseko senkqubo yokulandelela ifakwe kwi-wide flange beam phantsi komhlaba, okunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokwakha kunye nexesha. Ebudeni bomjikelo wobomi beprojekthi, ummandla uya konga malunga ne-US$4.5 yezigidi.

ULawulo lweZibonelelo zoLuntu kuMasipala waseCamden County, eNew Jersey

Ngo-2010, iCamden County Municipal Utility Authority (CCMUA) yazibekela injongo ekhaliphileyo yokusebenzisa i-100% yamandla ahlaziyekayo anexabiso eliphantsi kunombane wasekhaya ukusetyenzwa kwe-60 yezigidi zeegaloni eziveliswa ngemini (malunga ne-220,000 m³) ilindle. I-CCMUA iyaqonda ukuba iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zelanga zinamandla anjalo. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokucoca amanzi amdaka e-CCMUA ikakhulu yenziwe ngamatanki avulekileyo okusabela, kwaye izintlu zelanga ezihlala eluphahleni azinakwenza isikali esithile sokubonelela ngombane.

Ngaphandle koku, i-CCMUA isavuliwe ithenda. UMnu. Helio Sage, owathatha inxaxheba kwithenda, wabonisa inkolelo yakhe yokuba ngezinye iiprojekthi ezongezelelweyo, inkqubo ye-photovoltaic efana negaraji yelanga iya kuhanjiswa ngaphezu kwetanki evulekileyo ye-sedimentation. Ekubeni iprojekthi yenza ingqiqo kuphela ukuba i-CCMUA inokufezekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ngokukhawuleza, ukuyila kwesikimu kufuneka kungabi namandla nje kuphela, kodwa kunye neendleko ezisebenzayo.

NgoJulayi ka-2012, i-CCMUA Solar Centre yaphehlelela inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla elanga ye-1.8 MW yesolar photovoltaic, equlathe ngaphezu kwe-7,200 yeepaneli zesola kwaye igubungela ichibi elivulekileyo le-7 hektare. Ukuhlaziywa koyilo kulele ekufakweni kwenkqubo ye-canopy yeenyawo ezi-8-9, engayi kuphazamisa ukusetyenziswa, ukusebenza okanye ukugcinwa kwezinye izixhobo zokusebenza.

Isakhiwo se-solar photovoltaic yi-anti-corrosion (amanzi etyuwa, i-carbonic acid kunye ne-hydrogen sulfide) ukuyila, kunye ne-carport canopy eguqulwayo eyenziwe nguSchletter (umthengisi owaziwayo we-photovoltaic bracket systems, kuquka i-carports). NgokwePPA, i-CCMUA ayinayo inkcitho yenkunzi kwaye ayinaxanduva lwazo naziphi na iindleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa kwayo. Olona xanduva lwemali lwe-CCMUA kuphela kukuhlawula ixabiso elimiselweyo lombane welanga iminyaka eli-15. I-CCMUA iqikelela ukuba iza konga izigidi zeerandi kwiindleko zamandla.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga iya kuvelisa malunga ne-2.2 yezigidi ze-kilowatt-iiyure (kWh) zombane ngonyaka ngamnye, kwaye ukusebenza ngokusekwe kwiwebhusayithi esebenzisanayo ye-CCMUA kuya kuba ngcono. Iwebhusayithi ibonisa imveliso yamandla ekhoyo kunye neqokelelweyo kunye neempawu zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ibonisa imveliso yamandla yangoku ngexesha langempela, njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.

ISithili saManzi sikaMasipala saseWest Basin, i-EI Segundo, eCalifornia

ISithili saManzi sikaMasipala saseWest Basin (iSithili saManzi sikaMasipala saseNtshona) liziko likawonke-wonke elizinikele ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha ukususela ngo-1947, libonelela ngamanzi okusela kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona amanzi kwi-186 yeemayile zasentshona eLos Angeles. IWest Basin yindawo yesithandathu enkulu yamanzi eCalifornia, ekhonza abantu abamalunga nesigidi esinye.

Kwi-2006, i-West Basin yagqiba ekubeni ifake iinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla e-solar photovoltaic kwiindawo zayo zamanzi ezibuyiselwayo, ngethemba lokufumana inzuzo yexesha elide yemali kunye nokusingqongileyo. NgoNovemba 2006, i-Sun Power yanceda i-West Basin ifake kwaye igqibe i-photovoltaic array, equkethe iimodyuli ze-2,848 kwaye ivelise i-564 kilowatts yangoku ngqo. Inkqubo ifakwe phezulu kwitanki yokugcina i-concrete processing ephantsi komhlaba kwindawo. Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla elanga e-West Basin ye-photovoltaic inokuvelisa malunga nama-783,000 eekhilowatt-iiyure zamandla ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo ngonyaka ngamnye, ngelixa inciphisa iindleko zezibonelelo zoluntu ngaphezulu kwe-10%. Ukususela ekufakweni kwenkqubo ye-photovoltaic kwi-2006, i-cumulative energy output ukususela ngoJanuwari 2014 yayiyi-5.97 gigawatts (GWh). Umfanekiso ongezantsi ubonisa inkqubo ye-photovoltaic kwi-West Basin.

ISithili saManzi saseRancho eCalifornia, iSanta Rosa yabuyisela kwakhona isityalo saManzi, iMurrieta, eCalifornia

Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kwi-1965, iSithili saManzi sase-Rancho California (iSithili saManzi sase-Rancho California, i-RCWD) ibonelele ngamanzi okusela, ukucocwa kogutyulo, kunye neenkonzo zokucoca amanzi kwakhona kwiindawo ezingaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezili-150 zeekhilomitha. Indawo yenkonzo yiTemecula/RanchoCalifornia, kuquka iTemecula City, iinxalenye zeMurrieta City, kunye nezinye iindawo eziseRiverside County.

I-RCWD inombono ojonge phambili kwaye inovelwano oluphezulu kokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko zobuchule. Bejongene nokunyuka kweendleko zoncedo lukawonke-wonke kunye neendleko zamandla zonyaka ezingaphezulu kwe-5 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika, bathathela ingqalelo ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga njengenye indlela. Ngaphambi kokuqwalasela iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zelanga, ibhodi ye-RCWD yabalawuli bavavanya uluhlu lweendlela zokuvuselela amandla, kubandakanywa amandla omoya, iindawo zokugcina iipompo, njl.

NgoJanuwari 2007, eqhutywa yiNkqubo yeSolar yaseCalifornia, i-RCWD ifumene ibhaso lokusebenza kuphela i-$ 0.34 nge-kilowatt-yure yombane phakathi kweminyaka emihlanu phantsi kolawulo lwendawo yoluntu. I-RCWD isebenzisa iPPA ngeSunPower, ngaphandle kwenkcitho eyinkunzi. I-RCWD idinga kuphela ukuhlawula umbane owenziwe yi-photovoltaic system. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic ixhaswa ngemali, iphethwe kwaye iqhutywe yi-SunPower.

Ukusukela oko kwafakelwa inkqubo ye-photovoltaic ye-RCWD ye-1.1 MW DC ngo-2009, lo mmandla ubuxhamla izibonelelo ezininzi. Umzekelo, i-Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility (i-Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility) inokonga i-US$152,000 kwiindleko ngonyaka, ukulungisa malunga ne-30% yeemfuno zamandla zesityalo. Ukongezelela, njengoko i-RCWD ikhetha i-Credits Energy Renewable Energy (RECs) ehambelana nenkqubo yayo ye-photovoltaic, inokunciphisa ngaphezu kwe-73 yezigidi zeepounds zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enobungozi kwiminyaka eyi-30 ezayo, kwaye ineempembelelo ezintle kwimarike kwindalo.

Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga kulindeleke ukuba igcine ukuya kwi-6.8 yezigidi zeedola zase-US kwiindleko zombane kummandla kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yelanga efakwe kwi-RCWD yaseSanta Rosa yinkqubo yokulandelela i-tilt. Xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yokuthambeka esisigxina yemveli, izinga layo lokuvelisa amandla limalunga nama-25% ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke, ifana nenkqubo ye-photovoltaic enye ye-axis kunye nesigxina Xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo ye-tilt, i-cost-effectiveness nayo iphuculwe kakhulu. Ukongezelela, inkqubo yokulandelela i-oblique idinga indawo enkulu ukuze igweme ukuvala umgca wesithunzi ngomgca, kwaye kufuneka ihanjiswe kumgca ochanekileyo. Inkqubo yokulandelela i-oblique inemida yayo. Ngokufana nenkqubo yokulandelela i-single-axis, kufuneka yakhiwe kwindawo evulekileyo kwaye ingathinteli indawo yoxande.