Iibhetri zeselfowuni zakwangoko aziyi kuhlala ixesha elide. Ubugcisa obunika amandla iiselfowuni zala maxesha busekelwe koonomathotholo bakudala beendlela ezimbini ababesetyenziswa kwiiteksi nakwiimoto zamapolisa ngeminyaka yoo-1940. Amapolisa aseSweden asebenzisa ifowuni yokuqala ephathwayo ngo-1946. Le fowuni isebenzisa usasazo lwerediyo kwaye inokufumana iminxeba emithandathu phambi kokuba ibhetri iphele. Ibhetri yokuqala esetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa ifowuni ephathwayo ngokwenene yayiyibhetri yemoto eqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwifowuni ephathwayo, kunokuba ibhetri eyahlukileyo njengeefowuni zanamhlanje. Uninzi lweeselfowuni zokuqala zinokusetyenziswa kuphela ezimotweni kuba zifuna amandla amaninzi ebhetri.

Ibhetri encinci enokusetyenziswa namhlanje ayikaqanjwa. Ukongeza, ezi fowuni zokuqala zazinkulu kakhulu, zinzima kwaye zininzi. Ngokomzekelo, uEriksson wayeneselfowuni ngeminyaka yee-1950, enobunzima obufikelela kwiikhilogram ezingama-80! Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, iifowuni eziphathwayo ezikhoyo zinokusebenza kuphela kwindawo enye yokufowuna, kwaye emva kokuba umsebenzisi eshiye indawo yokufowuna echongiweyo umgama othile, awuyi kusebenza. Injineli eBell Labs yaphuhlisa obu buchwepheshe ngeminyaka yoo-1970.

Xa iprototype yefowuni yokuqala yanamhlanje yavela ngo-1973, inokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwaye isebenze kwiindawo ezininzi zokufowuna. Ezi fowuni zijongeka njengeefowuni ezincinci ezinefashoni kunye neefowuni ezihlakaniphile esinazo namhlanje, kwaye zinokubaleka imizuzu engama-30 ngaphandle kokutshaja ibhetri yefowuni.

Ukongeza, ezi bhetri zobomi obufutshane zifuna iiyure ezili-10 ezigcweleyo ukuhlawula! Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiselfowuni zanamhlanje zinokutshajwa ngombane wasekhaya, indawo yokutshaja imoto, okanye i-USB kwimizuzu embalwa.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iifowuni eziphathwayo ziye zavela kwaye zaphuculwa.

Ngeminyaka yee-1980, iifowuni eziphathwayo zaqala ukuthandwa ngakumbi kwaye zisebenza, kodwa zisabalulekile kwiimoto ngenxa yemfuno ephezulu yeebhetri kwiimodeli zokuqala. Bambalwa abantu abanokubakhupha emotweni, ngoko igama elithi ifowuni yemoto lihlala lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ezi zixhobo. Ezinye zinokuphathwa ngebrifkheyisi yaye zinokufakelwa iibhetri ezinkulu ezifunekayo kwiiselfowuni.

Ngeminyaka yee-1990, iifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neebhetri zaba ncinci kwaye zincinci, kwaye uthungelwano oluqhubayo lwaphucuka. Iinkqubo zefowuni ezifana ne-GSM, TDMA, kunye ne-CDMA zavela. Ngowe-1991, uthungelwano lweefowuni zedijithali zada zavela eUnited States naseYurophu. Ezi fowuni zinokuphathwa nawe, kwaye inkqubela-phambili ekwenziweni kweebhetri ezincinci kunye neetshiphusi zekhompyutha ziye zabenza ubunzima obuphakathi kwe-100 nama-200 eegram, obulingana nesitena okanye ibrifkheyisi enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-80 kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Uphuculo olukhulu lwebhetri yefowuni ephathwayo.

Iifowuni ze-Smart ziguqule iiselfowuni zala maxesha

Ukukhawuleza ukuya kwi-2018, phantse wonke umntu une-smartphone. Xa kuthelekiswa nesizukulwana sokuqala seefowuni eziphathwayo kwiminyaka yoo-1950, ii-smartphones ziyafana nezinto ezikwi-Star Trek! Ungafowunela abahlobo, ukonwabele iingxoxo zevidiyo, ukhuphele umculo owuthandayo, uthumele imiyalezo, kwaye ubhale nesidlo sangokuhlwa. Oda iintyatyambo kunye neetshokholethi zomhla wakho ngaxeshanye. Ukusuka kwiibhetri zeselfowuni ukuya kwiibhetri zemoto, iibhetri nazo zihambe umgama omde. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iindidi ezininzi zeebhetri zeselfowuni ziye zavela.

Ibhetri yeselula ye-Ni-Cd

Ngeminyaka yee-1980 kunye nee-1990, iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium okanye iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium yayiziibhetri ezikhethiweyo. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba zininzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifowuni ibe nkulu kwaye ibe nkulu. Ukongeza, emva kokuba ubahlawulise amaxesha ambalwa, baya kwenza into ebizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo, kwaye abasoloko behlawuliswa. Oku kukhokelela kwibhetri yeselula efileyo, okuthetha ukuchitha imali eninzi ukuthenga iifowuni ezininzi. Ezi bhetri zikwanomkhwa wokuvelisa ubushushu, obunokubangela ukuphazamiseka, kwaye enye yezinto ezikwibhetri yicadmium, enetyhefu kwaye kufuneka ilahlwe emva kokuba ibhetri iphelile.

Iibhetri zeNiMH

Umjikelo olandelayo weebhetri zeselfowuni, i-Ni-MH, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Ni-MH, yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. Azinatyhefu kwaye zinefuthe elincinci kwimemori. Ukongeza, olu hlobo lwebhetri luncinci kwaye lulula. Ukongeza, banokunciphisa ixesha lokutshaja kwaye bavumele abasebenzisi ukuba bandise ixesha lokuthetha ngaphambi kokuba bafe

Okulandelayo yibhetri ye-lithium. Zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Zincinci, zikhaphukhaphu, kwaye zinobomi obude. Ixesha lokutshaja lifutshane. Zingenziwa zibe ziimilo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu ukuze zilingane izitayile ezahlukeneyo zeeselfowuni, ngoko ke nayiphi na inkampani inokuzisebenzisa kwizixhobo zabo eziphathwayo. Akukho mfuneko yakukhathazeka malunga nomphumo wememori, ngoko ke banokuhlawuliswa amaxesha amaninzi kwaye bakhuselekile ngokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, zibiza kakhulu kuneemodeli ezindala zeebhetri.

ibhethri ibhetri

Uphuhliso lwamva nje lweebhetri zeselula yi-Icon ye-lithium polymer, ene-40% yamandla aphezulu kunebhetri ye-Ni-MH endala. Zikhanya kakhulu kwaye azinayo imiba yempembelelo yenkumbulo ekhokelela kwiingxaki zokutshaja. Nangona kunjalo, ezi bhetri azikasetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye zisanqabile.

Ngamafutshane, itekhnoloji yefowuni ephathwayo kunye nebhetri yenze inkqubela enkulu ngexeshana nje elifutshane. 1. Isekethe yokukhusela ibhetri iphukile okanye akukho sekethi yokukhusela: Le meko ihlala isenzeka kwibhetri ekhutshwayo yefowuni ephathwayo. Abantu abaninzi bathanda ukuthenga ibhetri enexabiso eliphantsi kunebhetri yoqobo, kwaye ezi bhetri zihlala zinciphisa iikona ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo ecudiweyo. Isekethe yokukhusela ngokwayo ixhomekeke kwiingxaki kunye nokuvuvukala kwebhetri. Thatha ibhetri ye-lithium njengomzekelo. Ibhetri idumba ngokwaneleyo ukuba iqhume.

2. Ukusebenza kakubi kwetshaja: iingxaki zebhetri ezibangelwa yitshaja kufuneka zibe zezona ziqhelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abasebenzisi banokungakhathali malunga nokhetho lwetshaja yefowuni ephathwayo, kwaye bahlala besebenzisa itshaja ukutshaja. Ezi tshaja zisenokuba ziitshaja ezitshiphu ezithengiswayo esitalatweni ngaphandle kwenkqubo yesekethe yokhuseleko olupheleleyo, okanye zisenokuba ziitshaja zemveliso yeetafile zasekhaya. Umsinga wokutshaja kunokwenzeka ukuba ube mkhulu. Ingxaki yokutshaja ngamaxesha athile ayinkulu, kodwa ukuba inde Ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunokwenzeka ukuba ibhetri iya kudumba.

Ngokukodwa, abanye abasebenzisi bathanda ukudlala ngelixa behlawula. Le fowuni ephathwayo ikwindawo yobushushu obuphezulu ixesha elide. Ukutshaja okuqhubekayo okudadayo kubushushu obuphezulu kuya kubangela ukusabela kwe-electrolyte. Ukwenza oko ixesha elide kuya kuchaphazela ngokunzulu ubomi bebhetri kwaye ngokulula kubangele iingxaki ngokwandiswa.

3. Ifowuni ephathwayo ayisetyenziswanga ixesha elide: Ukuba ifowuni ephathwayo ayisetyenziswanga ixesha elide, kuya kuba neengxaki ngokwandiswa kwebhetri. Oku kungenxa yokugcinwa kwexesha elide lebhetri, i-voltage yehla ngaphantsi kwe-2v, ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka, kwaye kukho idrum yegesi ngaphakathi kwebhetri ye-lithium, ekwaninzi Abahlobo bahlala befumana isizathu sokudumba kwebhetri. ibhetri yeselula xa uqhaqha ifowuni endala. Ngoko ukuba ufuna ukugcina ibhetri ixesha elide, eyona ndlela inokuthenjwa ukuyihlawula kwi-half-charged state rhoqo.

Indlela yokuthintela iingxaki

Ngokuqhelekileyo sisebenzisa iintlobo ezimbini zeebhetri ze-lithium, i-lithium ion polymer kunye neebhetri ze-lithium. Eyangaphambili ayinayo i-electrolyte. Ingxaki kukuba idumba kuqala. Ukuqhushumba kweqokobhe kuya kutshisa kwaye akuyi kugqabhuka ngequbuliso. Inomlinganiselo othile wokuphaphile kwaye ikhuselekile. Xa sinokhetho, siya kuzama ukuthenga ezi bhetri.

Kubasebenzisi, kungcono ukusebenzisa ifowuni ephathwayo ukuhlawula ngokuthe ngqo ukutshaja kwansuku zonke (nokuba ibhetri iyasuswa), kwaye usebenzise itshaja yokuqala yokutshaja. Zama ukunqanda ukusebenzisa iitshaja zomntu wesithathu okanye ukutshaja jikelele (iibhetri ezisuswayo). Sukuzama ukuthenga iibhetri ezihambelanayo zomntu wesithathu ngexabiso eliphantsi (zinokususwa), kwaye uzame ukungadlali imidlalo emikhulu okanye uqhube izicelo ezenza ifowuni yakho ifudumale ngelixa itshaja.