1. Introduction to Lithium Ion Battery

1.1 Dawlad-Xilliyeedka (SOC)

Xaaladda lacag-la’aanta waxaa lagu qeexi karaa sida heerka tamarta korantada ee laga heli karo batteriga, badanaa waxaa lagu muujiyaa sida boqolkiiba. Sababtoo ah tamarta korantada ee jirta waxay ku kala duwan tahay dallacaadda iyo qulqulka hadda jira, heerkulka, iyo ifafaalaha gabowga, qeexida xaaladda kharashku sidoo kale waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc: Xaalad-Dallacadeed oo dhammaystiran (ASOC) iyo Qaraabada-Xilliga -Dallacaadda; ASOC) Gobolka-Dallacaadda; RSOC). Caadiyan heerka qaraabada ee xadka kala duwani waa 0% -100%, halka batarigu 100% marka si buuxda loo dallaco iyo 0% marka si buuxda loo damiyo. Xaaladda dhabta ah ee dallacadu waa qiime tixraac ah oo loo xisaabiyo si waafaqsan qiimaha awoodda go’an ee loo qorsheeyay marka batteriga la soo saaro. Xaaladda buuxda ee batteriga cusub ee si buuxda loo dallacay waa 100%; iyo xitaa haddii bateriga gabowga si buuxda loo dallaco, ma gaari karo 100% xaaladaha dallacaadda iyo dallacaadda kala duwan.

Jaantuska hoose waxa uu tusinayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya danabka iyo awoodda batteriga ee heerar kala duwanaansho ah. Markasta oo uu sareeyo heerka dheecaanku, waxa hoos u dhacaya awoodda batteriga. Marka heerkulku hooseeyo, awoodda batteriga sidoo kale waa yaraan doontaa.

Jaantus 1.

Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya danabka iyo awoodda ee heerarka dheecaanka iyo heerkulka kala duwan

1.2 Max Charging Voltage

The maximum charging voltage is related to the chemical composition and characteristics of the battery. The charging voltage of lithium battery is usually 4.2V and 4.35V, and the voltage value will be different if the cathode and anode materials are different.

1.3 Si Buuxda Loo Eedeeyay

Marka farqiga u dhexeeya korantada batteriga iyo korantada ugu badan ee dallacadu ay ka yar tahay 100mV, dallacadu hadda hoos ugu dhacdo C/10, batteriga waxaa loo arki karaa inuu si buuxda u dallacay. Tilmaamaha baytariyadu way kala duwan yihiin, shuruudaha dallacaadda oo dhanna sidoo kale way kala duwan yihiin.

Jaantuska hoose wuxuu muujinayaa qalooca sifada ku dallacaaya baytariyada lithium ee caadiga ah. Marka danabku uu le’eg yahay danabka ugu sarreeya ee dallacaadda iyo dallacaadda hadda uu hoos ugu dhaco C/10, batteriga waxaa loo arkaa mid si buuxda u dallacay.

Jaantuska 2. batari lithium ku dallacaya qalooca sifada

1.4 Mini Soodejinta Korantada

The minimum discharge voltage can be defined by the cut-off discharge voltage, which is usually the voltage when the state of charge is 0%. This voltage value is not a fixed value, but changes with load, temperature, aging degree, or other factors.

1.5 Si Buuxda Oo Dhan

Marka korantada batarigu uu ka yar yahay ama la siman yahay tamarta ugu yar ee dareeraha ah, waxaa lagu magacaabi karaa dareere dhammaystiran.

1.6 Qiimaha dallaca iyo bixinta (C-Qiimaha)

Qiimaha dallacadu waa muujinta dallacaadda-dejinta hadda marka loo eego awoodda batteriga. Tusaale ahaan, haddii 1C loo isticmaalo in lagu sii daayo hal saac, sida ugu fiican, batteriga gabi ahaanba waa laga saarayaa. Dallacado kala duwan iyo heerarka bixista waxay keeni doonaan awood la isticmaali karo oo kala duwan. Guud ahaan, mar kasta oo uu bato heerka dallacaadda, waa yaraanta awoodda la heli karo.

1.7 Nolosha meerto

Tirada wareegyada waa inta jeer ee uu batteriga ku dallacay iyo soo daynta dhamaystiran, taas oo lagu qiyaasi karo awoodda dhabta ah ee soo saarista iyo awoodda naqshadeynta. Mar kasta oo awoodda daadinta urursan ay la mid tahay awoodda naqshadaynta, tirada wareegyada waa hal mar. Caadi ahaan ka dib 500 oo wareeg oo lacag-bixineed, awoodda bateriga si buuxda ayaa hoos ugu dhacay 10% ~ 20%.

Figure 3. The relationship between the number of cycles and battery capacity

1.8 Is-daynta

Is-soo daynta dhammaan baytariyada ayaa kordha marka heerkulku kor u kaco. Isku-soo-dejintu asal ahaan maaha cillad wax-soo-saarka, laakiin sifooyinka batteriga laftiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maaraynta khaldan ee habka wax soo saarka ayaa sidoo kale sababi karta kororka is-daajinta. Guud ahaan, heerka is- daadinta ayaa labanlaabma 10°C kasta oo kor u kaca heerkulka batteriga. Soo daynta bilaha ah ee baytariyada lithium-ion waxay ku saabsan tahay 1 ~ 2%, halka is-soo daynta bilaha ee baytariyada kala duwan ee nikelku yahay 10-15%.

Jaantus 4. Waxqabadka heerka is-soo daynta ee baytariyada lithium ee heerkul kala duwan

2. Hordhaca Qiyaasta Shidaalka Battery-ga

2.1 Hordhaca Shaqada Qiyaasta Shidaalka

Maaraynta batteriga waxa loo tixgalin karaa qayb ka mid ah maaraynta awooda. Maamulka batteriga, cabbirka shidaalka ayaa mas’uul ka ah qiyaasidda awoodda batteriga. Shaqadeeda aasaasiga ah waa in ay la socoto korantada, dallacaadda/ shubista hadda iyo heerkulka batteriga, iyo qiyaasidda heerka dallacaadda batteriga (SOC) iyo awoodda dallacaadda buuxda ee batteriga (FCC). Waxaa jira laba hab oo caadi ah oo lagu qiyaaso xaaladda batteriga: Habka korantada wareegga furan (OCV) iyo habka coulometric. Hab kale ayaa ah algoorithmiyaha tamarta firfircoon ee loogu talagalay RICHTEK.

2.2 Habka korantada wareegga furan

Mitirka korantada ee isticmaalaya habka korantada furan ee wareegga furan waa sahlan tahay in la hirgeliyo, waxaana lagu heli karaa iyadoo la eegayo miiska u dhigma heerka kharashka wareegga wareegga furan. Xaaladda mala-awaalka ah ee danabka wareegga furan waa danabka terminaalka batteriga marka uu batteriga ku nasto ilaa 30 daqiiqo.

Culayska kala duwan, heerkulka, iyo gabowga batteriga, qalooca korantada baytarigu wuu ka duwanaan doonaa. Sidaa darteed, voltmeter go’an oo furan ma matali karo xaaladda kharashka; heerka masuuliyadda laguma qiyaasi karo miiska keligiis. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, haddii heerka kharashka lagu qiyaaso oo keliya in la eego miiska, qaladku aad buu u weynaan doonaa.

Jaantuskan soo socdaa waxa uu muujinayaa in danab isku mid ah batarigu uu hoos u dhacayo oo la soo saarayo, iyo heerka kharashka lagu helay habka danabka wareegga furan uu aad uga duwan yahay.

Jaantuska 5. Korantada baytariga ee hoos ku dallaca iyo daynta

Jaantuska hoose waxa uu tusinayaa in xaalada dalladu aad ugu kala duwan tahay culaysyo kala duwan marka la saarayo. Marka asal ahaan, habka korantada wareegga furan ayaa kaliya ku habboon nidaamyada leh shuruudaha hoose ee saxnaanta xaaladda lacag-bixinta, sida isticmaalka baytariyada-ashitada-lead ama sahayda korantada ee aan kala go’a lahayn ee baabuurta.

Jaantuska 6. Danabka baytari ee ka hooseeya culeysyo kala duwan inta lagu jiro soo saarista

2.3 Habka cabbiraadda Coulomb

Mabda’a hawlgalka ee habka cabbiraadda coulomb waa in lagu xidho caabiyaha ogaanshaha ee dariiqa dallacaadda/bixinta batteriga. ADC-du waxay cabbirtaa danabka ku jira iska caabiyaha ogaanshaha waxayna u beddeshaa qiimaha hadda ee batteriga la dallacay ama la sii daayay. Xisaabiyaha-waqtiga-dhabta ah (RTC) wuxuu bixiyaa is-dhexgalka qiimaha hadda iyo waqtiga, si loo ogaado inta coulombs ee dhex socda.

Jaantuska 7. Habka shaqo ee aasaasiga ah ee habka cabbiraadda Coulomb

Habka cabbiraadda Coulomb ayaa si sax ah u xisaabin kara xaaladda-waqtiga-dhabta ah ee lacag-bixinta inta lagu jiro dallacaadda ama dallacaadda. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo xisaabiyaha coulomb ee la soo dallacay iyo miiska coulomb ka sii daynta, waxay xisaabin kartaa awooda hadhay (RM) iyo awooda dallaca buuxa (FCC). Isla mar ahaantaana, awoodda soo hadhay (RM) iyo awoodda dallacaadda buuxda (FCC) ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo xisaabiyo xaaladda kharashka, taas oo ah (SOC = RM / FCC). Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay sidoo kale qiyaasi kartaa waqtiga haray, sida daalka tamarta (TTE) iyo awood buuxda (TTF).

Figure 8. Calculation formula of Coulomb measurement method

Waxaa jira laba arrimood oo waaweyn oo keena leexinta saxnaanta habka cabbirka Coulomb. Midda kowaad waa isku-ururinta khaladaadka dhimista ee dareenka hadda iyo cabbirka ADC. Inkasta oo qaladka cabbirka ee tiknoolajiyada hadda jira uu weli yar yahay, haddii aysan jirin hab wanaagsan oo lagu baabi’iyo, qaladku wuu kordhin doonaa waqti ka dib. Jaantuska hoose wuxuu muujinayaa in codsiyada wax ku oolka ah, haddii aysan jirin wax sax ah muddada wakhtiga, qaladka la ururiyey waa mid aan xadidnayn.

Jaantuska 9. Khaladka isugaynta ee habka cabbiraadda Coulomb

In order to eliminate the accumulated error, there are three possible useable time points in normal battery operation: end of charge (EOC), end of discharge (EOD) and rest (Relax). When the charging end condition is reached, it means that the battery is fully charged and the state of charge (SOC) should be 100%. The discharge end condition means that the battery has been completely discharged and the state of charge (SOC) should be 0%; it can be an absolute voltage value or change with the load. When it reaches the resting state, the battery is neither charged nor discharged, and it remains in this state for a long time. If the user wants to use the rest state of the battery to correct the error of the coulomb measurement method, an open-circuit voltmeter must be used at this time. The figure below shows that the state of charge error can be corrected in the above state.

Jaantuska 10. Shuruudaha lagu baabi’inayo khaladka isugeynta ee habka cabbiraadda Coulomb

Qodobka labaad ee ugu weyn ee keenaya leexinta saxnaanta habka cabbiraadda coulomb waa qaladka awoodda dallacaadda buuxda (FCC), taas oo ah farqiga u dhexeeya qiimaha awoodda naqshadaynta batteriga iyo awoodda dhabta ah ee buuxda ee batteriga. Awoodda dallacaadda oo dhan (FCC) waxaa saameeya heerkulka, gabowga, culeyska iyo arrimo kale. Sidaa darteed, dib-u-barashada iyo habka magdhowga ee awoodda lacag-bixinta buuxda ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah habka cabbirka coulomb. Jaantuskan soo socdaa wuxuu muujinayaa ifafaalaha isbeddelka ee xaaladda khaladka dallacadu marka awoodda dallacaadda oo dhan la qiimeeyo oo la dhayalsado.

Jaantuska 11. Isbeddelka khaladka ah marka awoodda dallacadu ay buux dhaafto oo la dhayalsado

2.4 Algorithm cabbirka shidaalka korantada firfircoon

Algorithm danabka firfircoon ee cabbiraadda shidaalka ayaa xisaabin kara heerka kharashka batteriga lithium ee ku saleysan kaliya danabka batteriga. Habkani waa in la qiyaaso kororka ama hoos u dhaca xaaladda lacag bixinta iyadoo lagu salaynayo farqiga u dhexeeya danabka batteriga iyo korantada wareegga furan ee batteriga. Macluumaadka tamarta firfircooni waxay si wax ku ool ah u ekaan kartaa hab-dhaqanka batteriga lithium-ka si loo go’aamiyo heerka kharashka SOC (%), laakiin habkani ma qiyaasi karo qiimaha awoodda batteriga (mAh).

Habka xisaabinteedu waxa uu ku salaysan yahay faraqa firfircoon ee u dhexeeya danabka batteriga iyo korantada wareegga furan, iyada oo la adeegsanayo algorithm-ka-celinta si loo xisaabiyo koror kasta ama hoos u dhaca xaaladda kharashka si loo qiyaaso xaaladda kharashka. Marka la barbar dhigo xalka cabbirka shidaalka coulomb metering, cabbirka shidaalka korantada firfircoon ee algorithm ma ururin doono khaladaad waqti iyo hadda. Cabbiraadaha shidaalka Coulomb ayaa inta badan sababa qiyaas aan sax ahayn oo ku saabsan xaaladda lacag bixinta sababtoo ah khaladaadka hadda jira iyo batteriga iskii u soo daaya. Xitaa haddii qaladka dareemaha hadda uu yahay mid aad u yar, miiska coulomb wuxuu sii wadi doonaa inuu ururiyo qaladka, qaladka la ururiyeyna waxaa la tirtiri karaa oo kaliya marka si buuxda loo dallaco ama si buuxda loo saaro.

Algorithm danabka firfircoon ee cabbirka shidaalka ayaa qiyaasaya xaaladda batteriga oo keliya macluumaadka danab; sababtoo ah laguma qiyaaso macluumaadka hadda ee batteriga, ma ururiyo khaladaadka. Si loo hagaajiyo saxnaanta xaaladda lacag bixinta, algorithm danab firfircoon wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu isticmaalo qalab dhab ah, oo uu hagaajiyo cabbirrada algoorithm-ka la hagaajiyay iyadoo loo eegayo qalooca batteriga dhabta ah marka si buuxda loo dallaco oo si buuxda loo saaro.

Jaantuska 12. Waxqabadka algorithm danab firfircoon cabirka shidaalka iyo kor u qaadida

Kuwa soo socdaa waa waxqabadka korantada firfircoon ee algorithm ee hoos yimaada xaaladaha heerka dheecaan ee kala duwan. Waxaa laga arki karaa shaxanka in xaaladdeeda xil-gudashadu ay saxan tahay. Iyadoo aan loo eegin xaaladaha sii daynta ee C/2, C/4, C/7 iyo C/10, guud ahaan xaaladda khaladka ee habkan ayaa ka yar 3%.

Jaantus 13. Waxqabadka xaalada xukunka ee algorithm voltaji firfircoon ee hoos yimaada xaaladaha heerka dheecaanka ee kala duwan

Jaantuska hoose waxa uu tusinayaa waxqabadka xaalada dallacadu marka batarigu uu gaaban yahay oo uu gaaban yahay. Cilada dallacadu wali aad bay u yartahay, khaladka ugu badanina waa 3% oo kaliya.

Jaantuska 14. Waxqabadka xaalada xukunka ee algorithm danab firfircoon marka batterigu yahay mid gaaban oo gaaban

Marka la barbar dhigo xaaladda halka qiyaasta shidaalka Coulomb sida caadiga ah ay keento xaalad aan sax ahayn sababtoo ah khaladaadka dareenka ee hadda jira iyo batteriga is-dejinta, algorithm korantada firfircooni ma ururiyo khaladaadka waqti iyo hadda, taas oo ah faa’iido weyn. Sababtoo ah ma jiraan wax macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan dallacaadda/bixinta hadda, algoorithmiyaha tamarta firfircoon ayaa leh saxnaanta muddada gaaban oo liidata iyo wakhtiga jawaabta gaabis ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, ma qiyaasi karto awoodda dallacaadda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay si fiican u shaqeysaa marka la eego saxsanaanta muddada dheer, sababtoo ah korantada batteriga ayaa ugu dambeyntii si toos ah u muujin doonta xaaladdeeda lacag bixinta.