Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sebhetri: umthamo omkhulu

Sijonge phambili kwixesha elitsha lokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwamandla acocekileyo. Kwimeko ephawulekayo yelo xesha, umntu unokubona iimoto ezintsha ezifana neemoto zombane zikaTesla eziqhuba ezitratweni, zingasebenzi ngepetroli kodwa ngeebhetri ze-lithium. Izitishi zegesi apha endleleni ziya kutshintshwa zizitishi zokutshaja. Iindaba zamva nje zezokuba isixeko saseShanghai ngoku sibhengeze umgaqo-nkqubo wasimahla weemoto zombane zikaTesla kwaye uxhasa ukwenziwa kwazo ngokukhawuleza kwee-supercharger eTshayina.

Kodwa ikamva eliqaqambileyo lisenokugqunywa kukuba iibhetri zeemoto zombane azifani kangako neebhetri zeselfowuni. Abasebenzisi beefowuni bahlala benexhala malunga nobomi bebhetri. Iifowuni zabantu abaninzi zigcwele kusasa, kwaye njengoko kusondela emva kwemini, kuba yimfuneko ukuba bahlawule kanye ngosuku. Iilaptops zinengxaki efanayo kwaye zinokuphelelwa yijusi kwisithuba nje seeyure. Ukusetyenziswa kweemoto zombane kuye kwathandatyuzwa ngenxa yokuba azihambi kude ngokwaneleyo ukuba zitshonile kwaye zifuna ukutshajwa rhoqo. Imodeli kaTesla okwangoku iyona kuphela imoto yombane kwimarike, eyona nto iphambili. IModeli yeyona nto inomtsalane, kunye noluhlu lweekhilomitha ezingama-480 ngentlawulo enye.

Kutheni iibhetri zingahlali? Ubungakanani bamandla anokuthi bugcinwe kwindawo ethile bubizwa ngokuba kukuxinana kwamandla. Ubuninzi bamandla ebhetri buphantsi. Ngokubhekiselele kumandla avelisiweyo ngekhilogram, sinokusebenzisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 megajoules yepetroli ngosuku, ngelixa iibhetri ze-lithium zingaphantsi kwe-1 megajoule. Ezinye iintlobo zeebhetri zikwahamba kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu. Ngokucacileyo, asinakuyenza ibhetri ingapheli; Ukuze ukwandise umthamo webhetri, sinokugxila kuphela ekuphuculeni ubuninzi bamandla ebhetri, kodwa kukho ubunzima obuninzi. Bubuphi ubunzima ngobu buchwepheshe? Intatheli yadliwano-ndlebe noLiu Run, unjingalwazi onxulumene nekhemistri kwiYunivesithi yaseZhejiang, kwaye yahlalutya imfihlakalo yesakhiwo sangaphakathi sebhetri ye-lithium esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo (ibhetri ye-lithium ngokufutshane).

I-Electrolytes ibaluleke kakhulu

Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwee-electron, ibhetri inokubonelela ngamandla. Xa ibhetri iqhagamshelwe kwisekethe, iswitshi ivaliwe kwaye ikhoyo ngoku. Ngeli xesha, ii-electron ziphuma kwi-terminal engafanelekanga kwaye zihamba ngesekethe ukuya kwi-terminal eqinisekileyo. Kwinkqubo, i-elektroniki iya kugcina ifowuni yakho isebenza, njengokuqhuba imoto yombane yakwaTesla.

Ii-electron kwiibhetri ze-lithium zinikezelwa yi-lithium. Ukuba ugcwalisa ibhetri nge-lithium, ngaba ukuxinana kwamandla akonyukanga? Ngelishwa, ukwenzela ukuba ibhetri ye-lithium ihlaziywe, isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi kufuneka sivavanywe ngokwemiqathango yobuninzi bayo bamandla athile. U-Liu Ubonise ukuba isakhiwo sangaphakathi seebhetri ze-lithium ziqulethe i-electrolytes, idatha engalunganga, idatha efanelekileyo kunye nezithuba, nganye kuzo inenkqubo yayo ekhethekileyo, idlala indima ekhethekileyo kwaye iyimfuneko. Esi sakhiwo sinciphisa ubuninzi bamandla kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion.

Eyokuqala zii-electrolytes, eziyimibhobho ebalulekileyo kwiibhetri. Xa ibhetri ikhupha, ii-athomu ze-lithium zilahlekelwa ii-electron zazo kwaye zibe yi-lithium ion, kwaye xa zihlaziya, kufuneka zibaleke ukusuka kwelinye icala lebhetri ukuya kwelinye kwaye zibuye kwakhona. Utshilo uLiu. I-electrolyte igcina i-lithium ion, emantla nakumazantsi ebhetri, isitshixo sokuhamba ngebhayisikile eqhubekayo. I-Electrolytes ifana nemilambo, i-lithium ion ifana neentlanzi. Ukuba umlambo womile kwaye intlanzi ayikwazi ukuya kwelinye icala, iibhetri ze-lithium aziyi kusebenza kakuhle.

Ubuhle be-electrolyte kukuba ithwala i-ion ze-lithium kuphela, kungekhona i-electron, iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ikhupha kuphela xa isiphaluka sixhunyiwe. Ngelo xesha, i-ion ze-lithium, ngokwe-electrolyte, zihamba ngendlela eyalelweyo kwaye ichazwe kakuhle, ngoko ke ii-electron zihlala zihamba kwicala elinye, zenza okwangoku.

Izibonda ezizinzile nezingalunganga

I-Electrolytes ayiboneleli ngamandla, kodwa inzima kwaye ibalulekile kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion. Ngoko kutheni kungekho datha embi esekelwe kwigraphite? Igraphite, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iipensile zikhokelela, ayinaxanduva lokubonelela ngee-electron. ‘Oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha lokutshaja lilungile,’ utshilo uMnu. Liu.