Yiziphi izimfuneko zamabhethri e-lithium-ion ekhwalithi ephezulu? Ngokuvamile, impilo ende, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, nokusebenza okuthembekile kokuphepha kuyizimfuneko zokukala ibhethri le-lithium-ion lekhwalithi ephezulu. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion okwamanje asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kodwa umenzi noma umkhiqizo uhlukile. Kukhona umehluko empilweni yesevisi nokusebenza kokuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion, ahlobene eduze namazinga enqubo yokukhiqiza nezinto zokukhiqiza; lezi zimo ezilandelayo kufanele zibe yizimo zekhwalithi ephezulu ye-lithium-ion;

1. Impilo yenkonzo ende

Impilo yebhethri yesibili ihlanganisa izinkomba ezimbili: impilo yomjikelezo nempilo yekhalenda. Impilo yomjikelezo isho ukuthi ngemva kokuba ibhethri selihlangabezane nenani lemijikelezo ethenjiswe umenzi, umthamo osele usemkhulu noma ulingana no-80%. Impilo yekhalenda isho ukuthi umthamo osele ngeke ube ngaphansi kuka-80% esikhathini esithenjiswe umenzi, noma ngabe uyasetshenziswa noma cha.

Ukuphila kungenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zamabhethri e-lithium yamandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isenzo esikhulu sokufaka esikhundleni sebhethri siyinkinga ngempela futhi ulwazi lomsebenzisi alulungile; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuyisisekelo, ukuphila kuyinkinga yezindleko.

Impilo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion isho ukuthi umthamo webhethri uyawohloka kumandla okuzisholo (ekamelweni lokushisa elingama-25 ° C, ingcindezi ejwayelekile yomkhathi, kanye no-70% wamandla ebhethri akhishwe ngo-0.2C) ngemuva kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa , futhi impilo ingathathwa njengokuphela kwempilo. Embonini, impilo yomjikelezo ngokuvamile ibalwa ngenani lemijikelezo yamabhethri e-lithium-ion agcwaliswe ngokuphelele futhi akhishelwa ngokuphelele. Enqubweni yokusetshenziswa, ukusabela kwe-electrochemical okungenakuhlehliswa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion, okuholela ekwehleni komthamo, njengokubola kwe-electrolyte, ukuvalwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo, nokuwa kwezakhiwo zikagesi ezinhle nezingezinhle. kuholela ekwehleni kwenani le-lithium ion intercalation kanye ne-deintercalation. Linda. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokukhishwa lizoholela ekwehlisweni komthamo ngokushesha. Uma ukukhishwa kwamanje kuphansi, i-voltage yebhethri izoba eduze ne-voltage yokulinganisa, engakhulula amandla amaningi.

Impilo yethiyori yebhethri le-lithium-ion ye-ternary cishe imijikelezo engu-800, ephakathi phakathi kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion angaphinde ashajwe. I-Lithium iron phosphate cishe imijikelezo ye-2,000, kanti i-lithium titanate kuthiwa ikwazi ukufinyelela imijikelezo ye-10,000. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi bebhethri abajwayelekile bathembisa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-500 (ukushaja nokukhipha ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile) ekucacisweni kwamaseli wabo webhethri lesithathu. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba amabhethri eqoqwe ephaketheni lebhethri, ngenxa yezinkinga zokungaguquguquki, izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ziyi-voltage kanye nangaphakathi Ukumelana akukwazi ukufana ncamashi, futhi impilo yomjikelezo wayo cishe izikhathi ezingu-400. Iwindi elinconyiwe lokusebenzisa i-SOC ngu-10%~90%. Ukushaja okujulile nokushajwa akunconywa, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzodala umonakalo ongenakulungiseka esakhiweni esihle nesibi sebhethri. Uma ibalwa ngokushaja okungajulile kanye nokukhishwa okungajulile, impilo yomjikelezo izoba okungenani izikhathi eziyi-1000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amabhethri e-lithium-ion evamise ukushajwa ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu nezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, impilo yebhethri izokwehliswa kakhulu ibe ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezingama-200.

2. Ukulungiswa okuncane, izindleko eziphansi zokusebenzisa

Ibhethri ngokwayo inenani eliphansi nge-kilowatt-hora, okuyizindleko ezinembile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu osekushiwo ngenhla, kubasebenzisi, ukuthi izindleko ziphansi ngempela kuncike “ezindlekweni zomjikelezo wempilo ephelele kagesi.”

“Izindleko zikagesi zomjikelezo wempilo ephelele”, amandla aphelele ebhethri lamandla e-lithium aphindaphindwa ngenani lemijikelezo ukuze kutholwe inani eliphelele lamandla angasetshenziswa kumjikelezo wokuphila ogcwele webhethri, kanye nenani eliphelele lebhethri. Iphakethe lebhethri lihlukaniswe yilesi samba ukuthola intengo nge-kilowatt ngayinye kagesi emjikelezweni wokuphila ogcwele.

Inani lebhethri esivame ukukhuluma ngalo, elifana no-1,500 yuan/kWh, lisekelwe kuphela emandleni aphelele ebhethri elisha. Eqinisweni, izindleko zikagesi ngeyunithi ngayinye yokuphila ziyinzuzo eqondile yekhasimende lokugcina. Umphumela onembile kunazo zonke ukuthi uma uthenga amaphakethe amabili ebhethri ngamandla afanayo ngentengo efanayo, eyodwa izofinyelela ekupheleni kwempilo ngemuva kwezikhathi ezingama-50 zokushaja nokukhipha, kanti enye ingasetshenziswa kabusha ngemuva kwezikhathi eziyi-100 zokushaja nokukhipha. Lawa maphakethe amabili ebhethri angabonakala ngokubuka nje okushibhile.

Ukukubeka ngembaba, yimpilo ende, ihlala isikhathi eside futhi inciphisa izindleko.

Ukwengeza kulezi zindleko ezimbili ezingenhla, izindleko zokunakekela ibhethri nazo kufanele zicatshangelwe. Vele ucabangele izindleko zokuqala, khetha iseli lenkinga, izindleko zokulungisa kamuva nezindleko zabasebenzi ziphezulu kakhulu. Mayelana nokugcinwa kwebhethri ngokwayo, kubalulekile ukubhekisela ekulinganiseni okwenziwa ngesandla. Umsebenzi wokulinganisa owakhelwe ngaphakathi we-BMS unqunyelwe usayizi wokulinganisa komklamo wamanje, futhi ungase ungakwazi ukuzuza ibhalansi ekahle phakathi kwamaseli. Njengoba isikhathi sinqwabelana, inkinga yomehluko wengcindezi eyeqile ephaketheni lebhethri izokwenzeka. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukulingana okwenziwa ngesandla kufanele kwenziwe, futhi amaseli webhethri anamandla amancane kakhulu akhokhiswa ngokwahlukana. Ukuncipha kwemvamisa yalesi simo, izindleko zokunakekela ziyancipha.

3. Ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu/ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu

Ukuminyana kwamandla kubhekisela emandleni aqukethwe esisindweni seyunithi noma kumthamo weyunithi; amandla kagesi akhishwe ngesilinganiso sevolumu yeyunithi noma isisindo sebhethri. Ngokuvamile, ngevolumu efanayo, ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion izikhathi ezingu-2.5 kunamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium kanye nezikhathi ezingu-1.8 kunamabhethri e-nickel-hydrogen. Ngakho-ke, lapho umthamo webhethri ulingana, amabhethri e-lithium-ion azoba ngcono kune-nickel-cadmium namabhethri e-nickel-hydrogen. Usayizi omncane nesisindo esilula.

Ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri=umthamo webhethri× iplathifomu yokukhipha/ukujiya kwebhethri/ububanzi bebhethri/ubude bebhethri.

Ukuminyana kwamandla kusho inani lamandla aphezulu okukhipha ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo noma ivolumu. Esikhaleni esilinganiselwe sezimoto zomgwaqo, kuphela ngokwandisa ukuminyana amandla ewonke namandla awo wonke angathuthukiswa ngempumelelo. Ukwengeza, izibonelelo zikahulumeni zamanje zisebenzisa ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nokuminyana kwamandla njengomkhawulo wokulinganisa izinga lezibonelelo, okuqinisa nakakhulu ukubaluleka kokuminyana.

Nokho, kukhona ukungqubuzana okuthile phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla nokuphepha. Njengoba ukuminyana kwamandla kwanda, ukuphepha kuzohlale kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha nezinzima kakhulu.

4. I-voltage ephezulu

Njengoba ama-graphite electrode asetshenziswa ngokuyisisekelo njengezinto ze-anode, i-voltage yamabhethri e-lithium-ion inqunywa kakhulu yizici ezibonakalayo zezinto ze-cathode. Umkhawulo ongaphezulu wamandla kagesi we-lithium iron phosphate ngu-3.6V, kanti amandla kagesi aphezulu we-ternary lithium nebhethri ye-lithium manganate acishe abe ngu-4.2V (ingxenye elandelayo izochaza Kungani amandla kagesi aphezulu ebhethri ye-Li-ion angeqi ku-4.2V ). Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri anamandla kagesi kuyindlela yobuchwepheshe yamabhethri e-lithium-ion ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwamandla. Ukwandisa i-voltage ephumayo yeseli, i-electrode material enhle enamandla amakhulu, into engalungile ye-electrode enamandla aphansi kanye ne-electrolyte ene-voltage ephakeme ezinzile iyadingeka.

5. Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb, okuphinde kubizwe ngokusebenza kahle kokushaja, kubhekisela esilinganisweni somthamo wokuchithwa kwebhethri kumthamo wokushaja phakathi nomjikelezo ofanayo. Okusho ukuthi, iphesenti lokukhipha umthamo othize wokushaja umthamo othize.

Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-electrode, yikhono lokufaka i-lithium / umthamo we-delithium, okungukuthi, umthamo wokukhipha / umthamo wokushaja; ngempahla ye-electrode engalungile, umthamo wokususwa kwe-lithium/umthamo wokufaka we-lithium, okungukuthi, umthamo wokukhipha/umthamo wokushaja.

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushaja, amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe amandla wamakhemikhali, futhi ngenkathi kwenziwa inqubo, amandla amakhemikhali aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Kukhona ukusebenza kahle okuthile ekufakweni nasekukhishweni kwamandla kagesi phakathi kwezinqubo ezimbili zokuguqulwa, futhi lokhu kusebenza kahle kukhombisa ukusebenza kwebhethri.

Ngokombono we-physics yobungcweti, ukusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuhlukile. Enye isilinganiso sikagesi kanti enye isilinganiso somsebenzi.

Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwebhethri lesitoreji kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb, kodwa kusukela kusisho sezibalo, kukhona ubudlelwano be-voltage phakathi kwakho kokubili. I-voltage evamile yokushaja nokukhipha ayilingani, i-voltage evamile yokukhipha ngokuvamile ingaphansi kwe-voltage evamile yokushaja.

Ukusebenza kwebhethri kungahlungwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla ebhethri. Kusukela ekongiweni kwamandla, amandla kagesi alahlekile aguqulwa kakhulu abe amandla okushisa. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kungahlaziya ukushisa okukhiqizwa ibhethri phakathi nenqubo yokusebenza, bese ubudlelwane phakathi kokumelana kwangaphakathi nokushisa bungahlaziywa. Futhi kuyaziwa ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kungabikezela amandla asele ebhethri futhi kulawule ukusetshenziswa okuphusile kwebhethri.

Ngoba amandla okokufaka awavamile ukusetshenziselwa ukuguqula into esebenzayo ibe yisimo sokushajwa, kodwa ingxenye yakhona iyasetshenziswa (isibonelo, ukusabela okuseceleni okungenakuhlehliswa kwenzeka), ngakho ukusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb kuvamise ukuba ngaphansi kuka-100%. Kodwa mayelana namabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje, ukusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb kungafinyelela ku-99.9% nangaphezulu.

Izici ezinomthelela: ukubola kwe-electrolyte, ukuguqulwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, izinguquko esakhiweni, i-morphology, kanye nokuqhutshwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode kuzonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-Coulomb.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi ukubola kwebhethri kunomphumela omncane ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-Coulomb futhi akuhlobene kancane nezinga lokushisa.

Ukuminyana kwamanje kubonisa usayizi wokudlula kwamanje endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye. Njengoba ukuqina kwamanje kukhuphuka, okwedluliswa yisitaki kuyanda, ukusebenza kwamandla kagesi kuyehla ngenxa yokumelana kwangaphakathi, nokusebenza kahle kweCoulomb kuyehla ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa nokwehlukaniswa nezinye izizathu. Ekugcineni kuholele ekuncipheni kokusebenza kahle kwamandla.

6. Ukusebenza okuhle kokushisa okuphezulu

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anokusebenza okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okusho ukuthi umgogodla webhethri usendaweni yokushisa ephezulu, futhi izinto zebhethri ezinhle nezingezinhle, izihlukanisi kanye ne-electrolyte nakho kungagcina ukuqina okuhle, kungasebenza ngokujwayelekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi impilo ngeke isheshiswe. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu akulula ukudala izingozi ezishisayo ezibalekayo.

Ukushisa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion kubonisa isimo esishisayo sebhethri, futhi ingqikithi yayo ingumphumela wokukhiqiza ukushisa nokudluliswa kokushisa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Ukutadisha izici ezishisayo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion, kanye nezici zawo zokukhiqiza ukushisa nezici zokudlulisa ukushisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene, kungasenza sibone indlela ebalulekile yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ashisayo ngaphakathi kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Ukuziphatha okungaphephile kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion, kufaka phakathi ukukhokhisa okungaphezulu kwebhethri nokukhipha ngokweqile, ukushaja okusheshayo nokukhipha, isekhethi elifushane, izimo zokuhlukunyezwa ngomshini, nokushaqeka okushisa okushisa kakhulu, kungadala kalula ukusabela okuyingozi ngaphakathi kwebhethri futhi kukhiqize ukushisa, kubhubhise ngqo okungalungile futhi ama-electrodes positive Passivation film on the surface.

Lapho izinga lokushisa leseli likhuphukela ku-130°C, ifilimu ye-SEI engaphezulu kwe-electrode eyinegethivu iyabola, okubangela ukuthi i-lithium carbon negative electrode esebenza kakhulu ibonakale ku-electrolyte ukuze ibhekane nokusabela okunodlame kokunciphisa i-oxidation, kanye nokushisa okuvamile. kwenzeka kwenza ibhethri ingene esimweni esinobungozi obukhulu.

Lapho izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lebhethri likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-200°C, ifilimu yokudlula endaweni ye-electrode eqondile ibola i-electrode eyakhayo ukuze ikhiqize umoya-mpilo, futhi iyaqhubeka isabela ngobudlova nge-electrolyte ukuze ikhiqize inani elikhulu lokushisa futhi yakhe ukucindezela okukhulu kwangaphakathi. . Uma izinga lokushisa lebhethri lifinyelela ngaphezu kuka-240°C, lihambisana nokusabela okunobudlova kwe-exothermic phakathi kwe-lithium carbon negative electrode kanye nesibophezelo.

Inkinga yezinga lokushisa lamabhethri e-lithium-ion inomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Imvelo yokusetshenziswa ngokwayo inezinga elithile lokushisa, futhi izinga lokushisa lebhethri ye-lithium ion lizovela lapho lisetshenziswa. Okubalulekile ukuthi izinga lokushisa lizoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingalimaza ngisho nempilo yesevisi yebhethri ye-lithium-ion, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, kuzodala izinkinga zokuphepha kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion.

7. Ukusebenza okuhle kokushisa okuphansi

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anokusebenza okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, okusho ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ama-ion e-lithium nezinto ze-electrode ngaphakathi kwebhethri zisagcina ukusebenza okuphezulu, umthamo osele ophezulu, ukuwohloka komthamo wokukhipha okuncishisiwe, kanye nezinga elikhulu elivumelekile lokushaja.

Njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla, umthamo osele webhethri ye-lithium-ion ubola ube yisimo esisheshayo. Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, ukubola kwamandla ngokushesha. Ukushaja ngenkani emazingeni okushisa aphansi kuyingozi kakhulu, futhi kulula kakhulu ukubangela izingozi ezibangelwa ukushisa okushisayo. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, umsebenzi we-lithium ions nezinto zokusebenza ezisebenza nge-electrode ziyancipha, futhi izinga lapho kufakwa khona i-lithium ion ezintweni ezingezinhle ze-electrode. Lapho ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle kushajwa ngamandla angaphezu kwamandla avunyelwe ebhethri, inani elikhulu lama-ion e-lithium anqwabelana eduze kwe-electrode eyinegethivu, futhi ama-ion e-lithium ashumekwe ku-electrode aphuze kakhulu ukuthola ama-electron abese efaka ngokuqondile ubuso be-electrode ukwenza amakristalu e-lithium elemental. I-dendrite iyakhula, ingene ku-diaphragm ngokuqondile, futhi ibhoboze i-electrode eqondile. Ibangela ukujikeleza okufushane phakathi kwama-electrode amahle kanye nama-negative, okuholela ekubalekeni okushisayo.

Ngaphezu kokuwohloka okukhulu komthamo wokukhipha, amabhethri e-lithium-ion awakwazi ukushajwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngesikhathi sokushaja okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukuhlangana kwama-ion e-lithium ku-electrode ye-graphite yebhethri kanye nokusabela kwe-lithium plating kuhlangana futhi kuyaqhudelana. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphansi, ukusakazeka kwe-lithium ion ku-graphite kuyavinjelwa, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwe-electrolyte kuncipha, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokuhlangana futhi kwenza ukusabela kwe-lithium plating kwenzeke kakhulu endaweni yegraphite. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuncipha kwempilo yamabhethri e-lithium-ion uma esetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukwanda kokuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuwohloka komthamo ngenxa yemvula yama-ion e-lithium.

8. Ukuvikeleka okuhle

Ukuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion akubandakanyi nje kuphela ukuzinza kwezinto zangaphakathi, kodwa futhi nokusebenza kwezinyathelo ezisizayo zokuphepha kwebhethri. Ukuphepha kwezinto zangaphakathi kubhekisela ezintweni ezinhle nezimbi, i-diaphragm ne-electrolyte, ezinokuzinza okuhle kokushisa, ukuhambisana okuhle phakathi kwe-electrolyte kanye nezinto ze-electrode, kanye nokuhlehla komlilo okuhle kwe-electrolyte ngokwayo. Izinyathelo ezisizayo zokuphepha zibhekisela ekwakhiweni kwe-valve yokuphepha yeseli, idizayini ye-fuse, idizayini ezwelayo ukumelana nezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuzwela kufanelekile. Ngemva kokuba ingqamuzana elilodwa lihlulekile, lingavimbela iphutha ukuba lingasakazeki futhi lifeze injongo yokuzihlukanisa.

9. Ukungaguquguquki okuhle

“Ngomthelela womgqomo” siyaqonda ukubaluleka kokungaguquguquki kwebhethri. Ukungaguquguquki kubhekisela kumaseli ebhethri asetshenziswa kuphakethe lebhethri elifanayo, umthamo, amandla kagesi wesekethe evulekile, ukumelana kwangaphakathi, ukuzikhipha ngokwawo kanye nezinye izinhlaka zincane kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kuyafana. Uma ukungaguquguquki kweseli yebhethri nokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kungalungile, ukuphakama kwalo kuvame ukushelela ngemva kokwakhiwa kweqembu. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi umthamo webhethri ngemva kokuhlanganisa unqunywa iseli lomthamo omncane kakhulu, futhi nempilo yephakethe yebhethri ingaphansi kwempilo yeseli emfushane kakhulu.