Amabhethri e-lithium-ion abizwa ngokuthi amabhethri e-“rocking chair-type”. Ama-ion ashajwayo ahamba phakathi kwama-electrode aphozithivu namanegative ukuze abone ukudluliswa kweshaja futhi anikeze amandla kumasekhethi angaphandle noma ukushaja okuvela kumthombo wamandla wangaphandle.

Phakathi nenqubo ethile yokushaja, i-voltage yangaphandle isetshenziswa ezigxotsheni ezimbili zebhethri, futhi i-lithium ion ikhishwa ezintweni ezinhle ze-electrode bese ifaka i-electrolyte. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-electron amaningi adlula kumqoqi wamanje omuhle futhi athuthele ku-electrode engalungile ngokusebenzisa isifunda sangaphandle; I-lithium ion itholakala ku-electrolyte. Isuka ku-electrode enhle iye ku-electrode engalungile, idlule ku-diaphragm iye ku-electrode engalungile; ifilimu ye-SEI edlula ebusweni be-electrode eyinegethivu ishumekwe esakhiweni esinezingqimba zegraphite se-electrode engalungile futhi ihlangana nama-electron.

Kukho konke ukusebenza kwama-ion nama-electron, isakhiwo sebhethri esithinta ukudluliswa kweshaja, noma ngabe i-electrochemical noma ngokomzimba, sizothinta ukusebenza kokushaja okusheshayo.

Izidingo zokushaja ngokushesha kuzo zonke izingxenye zebhethri

Mayelana namabhethri, uma ufuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamandla, kufanele usebenze kanzima kuzo zonke izici zebhethri, okuhlanganisa i-electrode ephozithivu, i-electrode eyinegethivu, i-electrolyte, isihlukanisi, kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo.

i-electrode enhle

Eqinisweni, cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinto ze-cathode zingasetshenziswa ukwenza amabhethri ashaja ngokushesha. Izakhiwo ezibalulekile okufanele ziqinisekiswe zibandakanya ukuqhutshwa (ukunciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi), ukusabalalisa (qinisekisa i-kinetics yokusabela), impilo (ungachazi), nokuphepha (ungachazi) , Ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula (indawo ethile akufanele ibe kakhulu. enkulu ukunciphisa ukusabela okuseceleni futhi inikeze ukuphepha).

Vele, izinkinga okufanele zixazululwe kunto ngayinye ethile zingahluka, kepha izinto zethu ezijwayelekile ze-cathode zingahlangabezana nalezi zidingo ngochungechunge lokulungisa, kepha izinto ezahlukahlukene nazo zihlukile:

A. I-lithium iron phosphate ingase igxile kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-conductivity kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ukwenza i-carbon coating, i-nanoization emaphakathi (qaphela ukuthi imaphakathi, akuwona neze umqondo olula wokuthi ukuqina kungcono), futhi ukwakheka kwama-ion conductors ebusweni bezinhlayiya kungamaqhinga ajwayelekile kakhulu.

B. I-ternary material ngokwayo inokuguquguquka okuhle kukagesi, kodwa ukusebenza kabusha kwayo kuphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinto ezisetshenziswayo azivamile ukwenza umsebenzi we-nano-scale (i-nano-ization akuyona ikhambi elifana ne-panacea lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwempahla, ikakhulukazi inkambu yamabhethri Kunezinye izikhathi eziningi ezimelene nokusetshenziswa e-China), futhi ukunakwa okwengeziwe kukhokhelwa ukuphepha nokucindezelwa kokusabela ohlangothini (nge-electrolyte). Phela, impilo yamanje yezinto ze-ternary ilele ekuphepheni, futhi izingozi zakamuva zokuphepha kwebhethri nazo zenzeke kaningi. Beka phambili izidingo eziphakeme.

C. I-lithium manganenate ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwempilo yesevisi. Kukhona namabhethri amaningi ashaja ngokushesha e-lithium manganete emakethe.

i-electrode engalungile

Lapho ibhethri ye-lithium-ion ishajwa, i-lithium ithuthela ku-electrode engemihle. Amandla aphezulu ngokweqile abangelwa ukushaja okusheshayo namandla amakhulu azobangela amandla e-electrode angemuhle ukuthi abe mubi kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingcindezi ye-electrode engalungile yokwamukela ngokushesha i-lithium izokhula, futhi ukuthambekela kokukhiqiza i-lithium dendrites kuzokwanda. Ngakho-ke, i-electrode engalungile akumele yanelise kuphela ukusabalalisa kwe-lithium ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo. Izidingo ze-kinetics zebhethri ye-lithium ion kumele futhi zixazulule inkinga yokuphepha ebangelwa ukuthambekela okukhulayo kwe-lithium dendrites. Ngakho-ke, ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe obubalulekile bomgogodla wokushaja okusheshayo ukufakwa kwe-lithium ion ku-electrode engalungile.

A. Okwamanje, into ehamba phambili ye-electrode engalungile emakethe kuseyi-graphite (ibalwa cishe ngama-90% wesabelo semakethe). Isizathu esiyisisekelo sishibhile, futhi ukusebenza okuphelele kokucubungula kanye nokuminyana kwamandla egraphite kuhle uma kuqhathaniswa, kunokushiyeka okuncane. . Yiqiniso, kukhona nezinkinga nge-electrode engalungile ye-graphite. Ingaphezulu lizwela kakhulu ku-electrolyte, futhi ukusabela kwe-lithium intercalation kunokuqondisa okuqinile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenza kanzima ukuze uthuthukise ukuzinza kwesakhiwo se-graphite futhi ukhuthaze ukusabalalisa kwe-lithium ion ku-substrate. isiqondiso.

B. Izinto zekhabhoni eziqinile kanye ne-soft carbon nazo zibone ukuthuthukiswa okuningi eminyakeni yamuva: izinto zekhabhoni eziqinile zinamandla amakhulu okufaka i-lithium futhi zinama-micropores ezintweni, ngakho-ke i-kinetics yokusabela inhle; kanye nezinto zekhabhoni ezithambile zinokuhambisana okuhle ne-electrolyte, i-MCMB Izinto zokwakha nazo zimelela kakhulu, kepha izinto zekhabhoni eziqinile nezithambile ngokuvamile ziphansi ngokusebenza kahle futhi ziphakeme ngezindleko (futhi ucabange ukuthi igraphite ishibhile efanayo, ngesaba ukuthi ayifani. ithemba ngokombono wezimboni), ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kuncane kakhulu kune-graphite, futhi kusetshenziswe kakhulu kwezinye izici Ebhethri.

C. Kuthiwani nge-lithium titanate? Ukukubeka kafushane: izinzuzo ze-lithium titanate amandla aphezulu aphezulu, okuphephile, nokubi okusobala. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi kakhulu, futhi izindleko ziphezulu uma zibalwa nge-Wh. Ngakho-ke, umbono webhethri le-lithium titanate uwubuchwepheshe obuwusizo obunezinzuzo ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ayifanele izikhathi eziningi ezidinga izindleko eziphezulu kanye nebanga lokuhamba ngomkhumbi.

D. Izinto ze-Silicon anode ziyisiqondiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa, futhi ibhethri elisha le-Panasonic le-18650 seliqale inqubo yokuhweba yezinto ezinjalo. Nokho, indlela yokufinyelela ibhalansi phakathi kokuphishekela ukusebenza kwe-nanometer kanye nezidingo ezijwayelekile zeleveli ye-micron yezinto eziphathelene nomkhakha webhethri kusewumsebenzi oyinselele kakhulu.

I-Diaphragm

Mayelana namabhethri ohlobo lwamandla, ukusebenza kwamanje kubeka izidingo eziphakeme ekuphepheni kwawo nasekuphileni kwawo. Ubuchwepheshe bokumboza i-diaphragm abukwazi ukugwenywa. Ama-diaphragm ahlanganiswe nge-Ceramic akhishwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokuphepha kwawo okuphezulu kanye nekhono lokudla ukungcola ku-electrolyte. Ikakhulukazi, umphumela wokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwamabhethri e-ternary ubaluleke kakhulu.

Uhlelo olubaluleke kakhulu okwamanje olusetshenziselwa ama-diaphragm e-ceramic ukumboza izinhlayiya ze-alumina ebusweni be-diaphragm yendabuko. Indlela eyinoveli ukumboza imicu eqinile ye-electrolyte ku-diaphragm. Ama-diaphragms anjalo anokumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi, futhi umphumela wokusekela wemishini wama-diaphragms ahlobene ne-fiber ungcono. Kuhle kakhulu, futhi kunokuthambekela okuphansi kokuvimba ama-diaphragm pores ngesikhathi senkonzo.

Ngemuva kokumboza, i-diaphragm inokuqina okuhle. Ngisho noma izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu, akulula ukuncipha nokukhubazeka futhi kubangele isifunda esifushane. I-Jiangsu Qingtao Energy Co., Ltd. isekelwa ukusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kweqembu locwaningo le-Nan Cewen leSikole Sezinto Zokusebenza Nezinto Zokusebenza saseNyuvesi yaseTsinghua inommeleli othile mayelana nalokhu. Ukusebenza, i-diaphragm iboniswa esithombeni esingezansi.

I-Electrolyte

I-electrolyte inethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion ashaja ngokushesha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuphepha kwebhethri ngaphansi kokushajwa okusheshayo kanye namandla aphezulu, i-electrolyte kufanele ihlangabezane nezici ezilandelayo: A) ayikwazi ukubola, B) i-conductivity ephezulu, kanye no-C) i-inert ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezinhle nezingezinhle. Sabela noma ncibilikisa.

Uma ufuna ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo, ukhiye ukusebenzisa izithasiselo nama-electrolyte asebenzayo. Isibonelo, ukuphepha kwamabhethri ashaja kakhulu ama-ternary kuthikamezwa kakhulu yikho, futhi kuyadingeka ukwengeza izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene ezivimbela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ezivimbela amalangabi, nezingakhokhisi ngokweqile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwawo ngokwezinga elithile. Inkinga endala futhi enzima yamabhethri e-lithium titanate, i-flatulence ephezulu, kufanele futhi ithuthukiswe yi-electrolyte esebenza ngokushisa okuphezulu.

Idizayini yesakhiwo sebhethri

Isu lokuthuthukisa elijwayelekile wuhlobo lwama-VS olustakiwe. Ama-electrode ebhethri eyisitakikhi alingana nobudlelwano obuhambisanayo, futhi uhlobo olusongayo lulingana nochungechunge loxhumano. Ngakho-ke, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwangaphambili kuncane kakhulu futhi kufaneleka kakhulu uhlobo lwamandla. umcimbi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo ingenziwa ngenani lamathebhu ukuxazulula izinkinga zokumelana kwangaphakathi nokushisa kokushisa. Ukwengeza, ukusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode eziphezulu ze-conductivity, ukusebenzisa ama-conductive agents amaningi, kanye nama-electrode amancane okugcoba nawo amasu angacatshangelwa.

Ngamafuphi, izici ezithinta ukunyakaza kokushaja ngaphakathi kwebhethri kanye nezinga lokufakwa kwezimbobo ze-electrode kuzothinta ikhono lokushaja elisheshayo lamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Ukubuka konke kwemizila yobuchwepheshe bokushaja okusheshayo yabakhiqizi abajwayelekile

Isikhathi se-Ningde

Ngokuphathelene ne-electrode enhle, i-CATL yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-“super electronic network”, okwenza i-lithium iron phosphate ibe ne-electronic conductivity enhle kakhulu; endaweni yegraphite ye-electrode negative, ubuchwepheshe be-“fast ion ring” busetshenziselwa ukuguqula igraphite, futhi igraphite eguquliwe icabangela kokubili ukushaja okushesha kakhulu nokuphezulu Ngezimpawu zokuminyana kwamandla, i-electrode eyinegethivu ayisenayo i-by- imikhiqizo ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo, ukuze ibe nomthamo wokushaja osheshayo ongu-4-5C, ibona imizuzu eyi-10-15 ukushaja nokushaja okusheshayo, futhi ingaqinisekisa ukuminyana kwamandla weleveli yesistimu ngaphezu kuka-70wh/kg, ifinyelela impilo Yomjikelezo we-10,000.

Ngokuphathelene nokuphathwa kwe-thermal, uhlelo lwayo lokuphatha okushisayo lubona ngokugcwele “isikhathi sokushaja esinempilo” sesistimu yamakhemikhali engaguquki emazingeni okushisa ahlukene kanye nama-SOC, okwandisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

I-Waterma

IWaterma ayimuhle kakhulu muva nje, ake sikhulume ngobuchwepheshe. I-Waterma isebenzisa i-lithium iron phosphate enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezincane. Njengamanje, i-lithium iron phosphate evamile emakethe inosayizi wezinhlayiyana phakathi kuka-300 no-600 nm, kuyilapho i-Waterma isebenzisa kuphela i-100 kuya ku-300 nm i-lithium iron phosphate, ngakho-ke ama-ion e-lithium azoba. ukhokhiswe futhi ukhululiwe. Kumasistimu ngaphandle kwamabhethri, qinisa idizayini yamasistimu okuphatha okushisayo nokuphepha kwesistimu.

Amandla we-Micro

Ezinsukwini zokuqala, i-Weihong Power yakhetha i-lithium titanate + i-porous composite carbon enesakhiwo se-spinel esingakwazi ukumelana nokushaja okusheshayo kanye nomthamo ophezulu njengento engalungile ye-electrode; ukuze uvimbele usongo lwamandla aphezulu wamanje ekuphepheni kwebhethri ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo, Amandla we-Weihong Ukuhlanganisa i-electrolyte engashi, i-high-porosity kanye nobuchwepheshe be-diaphragm obuphezulu obukwazi ukungena kanye nobuchwepheshe be-STL obuhlakaniphile bokulawula ukushisa okushisayo, kungaqinisekisa ukuphepha kwebhethri. uma ibhethri selishajwe ngokushesha.

Ngo-2017, yamemezela isizukulwane esisha samabhethri anamandla amakhulu, kusetshenziswa izinto eziphezulu ze-lithium manganenate cathode zamandla amakhulu, ezinomthamo owodwa wamandla we-170wh/kg, nokufeza ukushaja okusheshayo kwemizuzu eyi-15. Umgomo uwukucabangela izindaba zokuphila nokuphepha.

Zhuhai Yinlong

I-Lithium titanate anode yaziwa ngebanga layo lokushisa elibanzi lokusebenza kanye nenani elikhulu lokushaja. Ayikho idatha ecacile ezindleleni ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ekhuluma nabasebenzi kulo mbukiso, kuthiwa ukushesha kwawo kungafinyelela ku-10C kanti isikhathi sokuphila siphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20,000 XNUMX.

Ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokushesha

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokushaja okusheshayo bezimoto zikagesi buyisiqondiso somlando noma into yesikhashana, eqinisweni, kunemibono ehlukene manje, futhi asikho isiphetho. Njengenye indlela yokuxazulula ukukhathazeka kwamakhilomitha, kucatshangelwa endaweni efanayo nokuminyana kwamandla ebhethri kanye nezindleko zemoto iyonke.

Ukuminyana kwamandla nokusebenza kokushaja okusheshayo, ebhethrini elifanayo, kungashiwo njengezikhombisi-ndlela ezimbili ezingahambelani futhi azikwazi ukuzuzwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuphishekela ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri yikhona okujwayelekile. Uma ukuminyana kwamandla kuphezulu ngokwanele futhi umthamo webhethri wemoto umkhulu ngokwanele ukuvimbela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukukhathazeka kobubanzi”, isidingo sokushaja kwesilinganiso sebhethri sizoncishiswa; ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma amandla ebhethri emakhulu, uma izindleko zebhethri nge-kilowatt-hora ngayinye zingekho ngokwanele, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka? Ukuthenga kuka-Ding Kemao ugesi owanele “ukungabi nokukhathazeka” kudinga abathengi ukuba bazikhethele. Uma ucabanga ngakho, ukushaja okusheshayo kunenani. Omunye umbono yizindleko zezinsiza zokushaja ngokushesha, okuyingxenye yezindleko zomphakathi wonke ukugqugquzela ukufakwa kukagesi.

Ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokushesha bungaphromothwa ngezinga elikhulu, ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nobuchwepheshe bokushaja obukhula ngokushesha, kanye nobuchwepheshe obubili obunciphisa izindleko, bungase budlale indima ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo.