Yintoni umsinga wombane? Okokuqala khumbula, yintoni inkcazo yangoku esiyifundileyo?

Ngokulula, intshukumo yolwalathiso lwamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo kwi-conductor ngumbane wombane.

Kuphela xa i-substance ihlawulise amasuntswana angakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, inokuhambisa umsinga wombane-oko kukuthi, ukuqhuba umbane. La maqhekeza ahlawulisiweyo athatha inxaxheba ekuqhubeni abizwa ngokuba ngabathwali. Kwiintsimbi, umzekelo, kuphela ii-electron zangaphandle zee-athomu ezinokusebenza njengabathwali.

“Intshukumo yolwalathiso” kwinkcazo yamandla ombane idla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ibhekisa kwintshukumo eya kwicala elithile, akunjalo! Ngaba isalathiso sokuhamba kwee-electron kwisekethe ye-AC ayitshintshi?

In fact, orienteering is relative to “random movement”!

Ekubeni ii-electron zingamasuntswana amancinci, kufuneka zihlale zihamba nge-thermal ngalo lonke ixesha. Intshukumo ye-Thermal yintshukumo engacwangciswanga, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi.

Le ntshukumo eneneni ikhawuleza kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, kwiintsimbi ezikwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, isantya sentshukumo ye-electronic thermal ikwi-odolo yamakhulu eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana!

Ukuba ujonga ngokusondeleyo kule ntshukumo engaqhelekanga, uya kufumanisa ukuba isalathiso sokushukuma kwesuntswana ngalinye alikhethi naliphi na ixesha. Ukuba udibanisa iivektha zesantya zala masuntswana, isiphumo siphantse sibe ngu-zero.

Ngoku yongeza intsimi yombane kwi-conductor, kwaye i-electron iphakamisa ukunyakaza kwesikhokelo kwisiseko sokunyakaza okungahleliwe. Ukucinga ukuba indawo yombane ingasekhohlo ixesha elithile, ukuhamba kwee-electron kubonakala kulandelayo. Iibhola ezibomvu zimela iiathom zentsimbi kwileyisi yekristale, kwaye amachaphaza ahamba ngokukhawuleza amele ii-electron zamahhala.

Ngaba ikhangeleka ngokukhawuleza? Kungenxa yokuba intshukumo ye-elektroniki ikhawuleza ngokwenene! Kodwa eneneni, intshukumo engacwangciswanga, ebangela umlinganiselo omkhulu wayo, ayifaki galelo kungokunje. Xa intshukumo engacwangciswanga isusiwe, intsalela ifana nokujonga kancinci apha ngezantsi.

Enyanisweni, intshukumo ekhokelayo yee-electron iyancipha kakhulu kunesantya sokuhamba kwe-thermal. Le ntshukumo “yokusila” yee-electron ibizwa ngokuba yi-drift, okanye “drift”. Ngamanye amaxesha, ii-electron ziya kubaleka kwelinye icala ngenxa yokungqubana neeathom. Kodwa ngokubanzi, ii-electron zihamba kwicala elinye.

Ukuba indawo yombane itshintsha indlela, i-electron drift iya kutshintsha.

Therefore, this kind of directional movement means that the sum of the speeds of all the electrons participating in the conduction at a certain time is not zero, but is generally in a certain direction. This direction can be changed at any time, and that is the case of alternating current.

Ngoko ke, okwangoku akukhona kakhulu “intshukumo yesikhokelo” yentlawulo yombane njengoko “intshukumo ehlangeneyo” yentlawulo yombane.

Ubungakanani bangoku kwi-conductor bubonakaliswa ngamandla akhoyo. Ukuqina kwangoku kuchazwa njengobungakanani bombane odlula kwi-cross-section ye-conductor ngexesha leyunithi, oko kukuthi.

Sifunde ubungakanani bomzimba obuqulathe igama elithi “ubunzulu”, obufana nobunzulu bebala lombane kunye nobunzulu bemagnethi. Ngokuqhelekileyo bamele ulwabiwo ngexesha leyunithi, indawo yeyunithi (okanye umthamo weyunithi, iyunithi eqinileyo ye-engile). Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi “ukuqina” kwinqanaba langoku alibonisi ulwabiwo lwangoku lwaloo ndawo.

Enyanisweni, omnye ubungakanani bomzimba buxanduva lokusasazwa kwendawo yangoku ukuya kwindawo, ekhoyo ngoku.

Since the essence of electric current is the directional movement of electric charge, there must be a certain relationship between current intensity and drift speed!

Ukuze sifumane olu budlelwane, kufuneka siqale sicacise i-concept-carrier concentration, oko kukuthi, inani labathwali kumthamo weyunithi, ebonakaliswa ngu-.

Kucingelwa ukuba icandelo le-conductor cross, i-concentration ye-carrier yi, i-drift velocity, kunye nentlawulo ehlawulisiweyo.

Emva koko intlawulo kumqhubi kwicala lasekhohlo lomphezulu, kwaye ezi ntlawulo ziya kudlula kwindawo ngexesha elithile, ngoko ke.

Le yimbonakaliso yemicroscopic yobunzulu bangoku.

Uxinaniso lwangoku lulwabiwo lwangoku ukuya kwindawo, ngoko ubukhulu boxinaniso lwangoku bunjalo, kodwa buchazwa njenge-vector, kwaye isalathiso sisalathiso se-drift velocity vector ye-positive charged carriers, ngoko ke ukuqhutywa kwee-electron intsimbi inokufumaneka kule Speed, njengomzekelo ongezantsi.

Consider a copper wire, assuming that each copper atom contributes an electron as a carrier. There is 1 mol of copper, its volume is, molar mass is, density is, then the carrier concentration of the copper wire is

Iphi iAvogadro rhoqo. Ubuninzi bobhedu bufunyenwe, kwaye ixabiso elifunyenwe ngokutshintsha li malunga neyunithi / cubic meter.

Ukucinga ukuba i-radius yocingo lobhedu yi-0.8mm, ukuhamba kwangoku yi-15A, = 1.6 C, kunye ne-drift velocity ye-electrons ibalwa njenge.

Kuyabonakala ukuba isantya sokukhukuliseka kwee-electron sincinci kakhulu.

Kwabo bafunda iisekethe, oku ngasentla yinkcazo epheleleyo yangoku.

Kodwa kwifiziksi, le nkcazo ingentla yangoku yinkcazo emxinwa kuphela. Imisinga eyongezelelekileyo eyongezelelekileyo ayiphelelanga kubaqhubi, ukuba nje ukuhamba kweentlawulo zombane kungoku nje. Ngokomzekelo, xa ii-electron zeathom yehydrogen zijikeleza umongo, kubakho umsinga wombane kumjikelezo wawo.

Masithi isixa sentlawulo yombane kunye nexesha lokuhamba. Ke ngalo lonke ixesha kudlula, kukho inani elikhulu lentlawulo elidlula kulo naliphi na icandelo lomnqamlezo welophu, ngoko ke ukuqina kwangoku kusekwe kubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha, ukuphindaphinda kunye nesantya se-angular, kwaye yangoku inokubonakaliswa njenge.

Ngomnye umzekelo, i-disk yensimbi ehlawulweyo, ejikelezayo kwi-axis yayo, iphinda yenza i-loop currents kunye ne-radii eyahlukileyo.

Olu hlobo lwangoku alukho umqhubi wesiqhelo kwaye alukwazi ukuvelisa ubushushu beJoule! Ayikwazi ukwenza isekethe yokwenyani.

Kungenjalo, ungandinika ubalo lokuba kungakanani ubushushu bejowule obuveliswa ngomzuzwana ngee-electron ze-athomu ye-hydrogen?

Enyanisweni, i-current in vacuum ayiwanelisi umthetho ka-Ohm. Ngenxa yokuba, ngenxa yombane owenziwe ngokuhamba kweengqungquthela ezihlawulisiweyo kwi-vacuum, abathwali abahambisani ngokufana ne-lattice kwintsimbi, ngoko ke i-vacuum ayinayo inkcaso kwaye ayikho i-conductance.

Ukuhamba kweentlawulo zombane kuvelisa umbane wombane, kwaye intlawulo yombane ngokwayo iyayivuyisa indawo yombane. Oku kulula ukubangela ukungaqondani. Ngoko ke abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba indawo yombane yeengqungquthela ezihlawulisiweyo ezenza umbane wombane kufuneka zibonakaliswe. Kodwa ngokwenene, kwi-conduction yangoku kwi-conductor jikelele, abathwali bahamba kwimvelaphi ehlanganiswe nenani elikhulu le-ion yensimbi echanekileyo, kwaye i-conductor ngokwayo ingathathi hlangothi!

Sihlala silubiza olu hlobo lwangoku olukhethekileyo “njengomsinga olinganayo”. Ukulingana apha kuthetha ukuba ivelisa intsimi yamagnetic kwisiseko esifanayo njengesiqhelo sokuqhuba ngoku!

Isikhumbuzi: Sukubhidanisa “umsinga olinganayo” apha kunye “nesekethe elinganayo” kuhlalutyo lwesekethe.

Enyanisweni, xa saqala ukufunda i-magnetic field, umbane okhoyo kumthetho we-Biot-Saffar wawungumbane oqhelekileyo wombane oqulethe lo mbane ulinganayo. Kakade ke, ukuqhutywa kwangoku kwii-equations zikaMaxwell kukwabhekiselele kumsinga oqhelekileyo.

Abo baye bafunda umphumo we-photoelectric bayazi ukuba xa i-photoelectron ihamba ukusuka kwi-cathode ukuya kwi-anode, ukuba impembelelo yomoya ayihoywa, lo mbane ubangelwa ukuhamba kweentlawulo zombane kwi-vacuum, kwaye akukho kumelana, ngoko ke. ayithintelwa ngumthetho ka-Ohm.

So, is this the only thing about electric current in physics?

No! There are also two types, namely magnetizing current and displacement current.

Zikwayimisinga emibini elinganayo, ethi, njengoko igama libonisa, yaziswa ukucacisa umazibuthe. Ngamanye amazwi, baye bahlukana nophawu olusisiseko “lwentshukumo yentlawulo” yangoku!

Iyamangalisa! Akukho ntshukumo yentlawulo yombane, ngoko kutheni ingabizwa ngokuba ngumsinga wombane?

Sukuba nexhala, kwaye undimamele kancinci kancinci.

Makhe sijonge imagnethi yangoku kuqala.

Kwafunyaniswa ukuba umazibuthe ubangelwa yintshukumo yombane (ungajongi ingcaciso yemagnethi ngeempawu zangaphakathi zokujikeleza okwangoku). Ukuze uchaze i-magnetism yendalo, isazi sefiziksi saseFransi u-Ampere wabeka phambili ingcamango “yokujikeleza kweemolekyuli”.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi, nayiphi na i-athomu okanye i-athomu inokuthathwa njengentlawulo yombane ejikelezayo embindini, yenze i-loop current encinci, oko kukuthi, “i-molecular circulation”.

According to the law that the electric current excites the magnetic field, this molecular circulation will produce a physical quantity called magnetic moment. Its size is the area enclosed by the molecular circulation multiplied by the equivalent current of the molecular circulation, and its direction is in a right-handed spiral relationship with the direction of the circulation, namely

Ngokucacileyo, isalathiso somzuzu wamagnetic sihamba ngqo kwicala lemagnethi eyenziwe ngumbane ojikelezayo

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Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-molecular circulation ye-substance i-chaotic, ngoko ke into ayinamagnetic, njengoko kuboniswe kwicala lasekhohlo lomzobo ongezantsi. Xa iphantsi kwemagnethi yangaphandle, oku kujikelezwa kwemolekyuli kuya kucwangciswa ngokucocekileyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwicala lasekunene lalo mzobo ungezantsi, amaxesha azo emagnethi alungelelaniswa kwicala elinye kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kanye njengeenaliti ezincinane ezingenakubalwa zemagnethi ezidityaniswe ndawonye zenze imagnethi epheleleyo, kwaye yonke imathiriyeli eyilwe zizo iba yimagnethi.

Masithi kukho imagnethi ye-cylindrical, i-molecular circulation yangaphakathi icwangciswe kakuhle, kwaye amacandelo e-molecular circulation kwinqanaba le-magnetic section adityaniswe kunye ukuze enze ukujikeleza okukhulu, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso ongezantsi.

Ngokusekwe koku, sinokucinga ukuba umazibuthe webar ufana ne-solenoid esebenzayo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho umsinga ongabonakaliyo obhijelwe kumphezulu wemagnethi! Olu hlobo lwangoku alunakudityaniswa kwaye lusetyenziswe. Ivalelwe kumphezulu wemagnethi. Siyibiza ngokuthi “i-binding current” okanye “i-magnetizing current”.

Ngoko ke, i-magnetizing current ikhoyo ngoku, kuba iyafana nekhoyo ngoku eyenziwa yintshukumo yeentlawulo zangempela zombane, ezinokuvelisa ngokulinganayo intsimi yamagnetic!

Makhe sijonge umsinga wokufuduswa kwakhona.

Ngokwethiyori ye-loop ye-Ampere, i-integment yamandla emagnethi kwindlela evaliweyo ilingana nokuguquguquka koxinano lwangoku kuwo nawuphi na umphezulu ogobileyo obotshwe yile ndlela, oko kukuthi, le ithiyori ibizwa ngokuba yithiyori kaStokes kwimathematika. Isixelela ukuba isidibanisi se-vector ecaleni kwayo nayiphi na indlela evaliweyo kufuneka ilingane nokuhamba kwe-curl yayo (apha) kuyo nayiphi na indawo eboshwe yindlela evaliweyo.

Ekubeni iyithiyori yemathematika, kufuneka ihlale ichanekile, kuba imathematika yinkqubo enengqiqo esekelwe kwii-axioms.

Ke ngoko, i-Theorem ye-Ampere Loop kufuneka ihlale ibambe!

Nangona kunjalo, ingcali yefiziksi yaseSkotlani enobuchule uMaxwell yafumanisa ukuba xa ejongene nesekethe yangoku engazinzanga, iTheorem yeAmpere loop yayiphikisana.

Umbane oqhelekileyo ongazinzanga uyenzeka ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-capacitor. Njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi, kukho umbane ongazinzanga ngexesha elifutshane lokutshaja kwe-capacitor.

Kodwa isiphaluka sinqanyuliwe phakathi kweeplate ze-capacitor, eziza kubangela ingxaki enkulu.

Masithi siqwalasela indlela evaliweyo edlula ucingo, njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi, isangqa esiphawulwe nguC, kunye nomphezulu ogobileyo kunye nawo njengoko umda unokukhethwa ngokungenamthetho. Kulo mfanekiso, indiza ejikelezayo evalelwe yi-C ngokwayo kunye ne-capacitor ikhethiwe. Umphezulu ogobileyo wepleyiti yasekhohlo.

Ngokomgangatho ojikelezayo, kunokubonwa ukuba ngokubhekiselele kwi-curved surface, kodwa njenge-loop edibeneyo yamandla amagnetic field, ixabiso layo kufuneka libekwe!

Ungenza njani?

Maxwell believes that the Ampere’s loop theorem must be established. Now that there is a problem, it must be because a part of the current has not been discovered by us before, but it does exist!

Ke, ungayifumana njani le nxalenye yangoku?

Ekubeni ingxaki iphakathi kwamacwecwe, qalisa phakathi kwamacwecwe.

Ngokuhlalutya, uMaxwell wafumanisa ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukutshaja okanye ukukhupha, kukho ubuninzi bomzimba phakathi kweeplate ze-capacitor ngamaxesha onke ahambelana nobukhulu kunye nolwalathiso lwangoku. Lixesha eliphuma kwi-flux ye-vector displacement yombane, oko kukuthi, ichazwa njenge-displacement current.

If it is considered that this part is the part of the current that has not been discovered before, then the complete current is now. That is to say, although the circuit between the plates is disconnected, the derivative of the electric displacement flux and the sum of the current together, as a whole , Ensure the continuity of the current at all times.

Ukubuyela ukuphikisana kwangaphambili, ngoku siyazi ukuba, ngokweemfuno ze-theorem ye-Stokes, xa ubala ukuhamba kwe-flux yoxinaniso lwangoku kwindawo evaliweyo, ukuxinana kwe-displacement current kufuneka kuqwalaselwe, oko kukuthi, i-loop ampere epheleleyo. Ithiyori ke ngoko, “Ngokufumanisa” eli candelo litsha langoku, ingxaki ye-Ampere Loop Theorem isonjululwe!

Isizathu sokuba “intshayelelo” ingasetyenziswa apha, kodwa “ukufumanisa” kusetyenziswa apha. Into endifuna ukuyigxininisa kukuba olu hlobo lwangoku aluyiyo imbuyekezo yemathematika, kodwa yinto yokwenyani, kodwa ayizange ifunyanwe ngaphambili.

Kutheni kukho kwasekuqaleni? Ngenxa yokuba isebenza njengombane wombane, njengombane we-conduction, uvuselela umbane wamagnetic ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokuba akukho ntshukumo yeentlawulo zombane, akukho cingo olufunekayo, kwaye akukho bushushu be-Joule obunokwenziwa, ngoko khange buhoywe!

Kodwa eneneni ikhona ngokwayo, gcina nje iprofayile ephantsi, ibisoloko ivuyisa imagnethi apho ngalo lonke ixesha!

Ngamanye amazwi, xa sijongana nomhlaba wemagnethi, inkcazo yoqobo yangoku imxinwa kakhulu. Undoqo wombane okhoyo awukho ukuhamba kwentlawulo yombane, kufuneka ibe yinto enokuvuyisa umhlaba wamagnetic.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iindlela ezininzi zangoku ziye zaziswa. Zonke zikhona ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye into efanayo kukuba yonke imisinga inokuvuyisa ngokulinganayo intsimi yamagnetic.