NgoJanuwari 9, kwi-“2020NIODay” eyayibanjwe ngu-Weilai, ukongeza kwi-ET7 esemthethweni, eyaziwa ngokuba “ngokuhlangeneyo kwezobuchwepheshe obuphambili”, kwabhengezwa ukuba i-Weilai ET7 ixhotyiswe ngeebhetri zelizwe. iya kuba kwikota yesine ye-2022. Kwimarike, ubuninzi bayo bamandla bufikelela kwi-360Wh / kg, kunye neebhetri eziqinileyo, i-mileage ye-Weilai ET7 inokufikelela ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ze-1,000 ngentlawulo enye.

Nangona kunjalo, u-Li Bin, umseki we-Weilai, wayethule kumthengisi weebhetri zombuso oqinileyo, esithi kuphela i-Weilai Automobile inobudlelwane obusondeleyo bentsebenziswano kunye nababoneleli bebhetri belizwe eliqinileyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo yinkampani ehamba phambili kwishishini. Ngokusekwe kumazwi kaLi Bin, ilizwe langaphandle likrokrela ukuba lo mthengisi webhetri yelizwe eliqinileyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwixesha leNingde.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani umboneleli webhetri ye-NIO eqinileyo, iibhetri eziqinileyo zisesona sisombululo silungileyo kwiingxaki ezininzi ekuphuhliseni izithuthi zamandla amatsha, kwaye zikwayindlela ebalulekileyo yophuhliso kwishishini lebhetri yamandla.

Umntu okwishishini lebhetri lamandla ukholelwa ukuba iibhetri eziqinileyo ziya kuba ziindawo eziphakamileyo eziyalela itekhnoloji kwisizukulwana esilandelayo seebhetri zamandla ezisebenza kakhulu. “Icandelo leebhetri ze-slid-state lingene kwinqanaba logqatso lwe-an’arms’ lunabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bezentengiso, kuquka iinkampani zeemoto, iinkampani zombane, amaziko otyalo-mali kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi. Amaziko kunye nabanye badlala imidlalo kwimiba emithathu yenkunzi, itekhnoloji kunye netalente. Ukuba abafuni tshintsho, bazakuba bengekho emdlalweni.”

Ibhetri yamandla kwihlabathi liphela

Ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa imboni yebhetri yamandla ayinakwahlulwa kumashishini eemoto zamandla amatsha, kwaye ngokufumana kwakhona ngokuthe ngcembe imarike yemoto yamandla entsha, ukhuphiswano kwishishini lebhetri lamandla liye landa kakhulu.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba ibhetri yamandla iyaziwa ngokuba “yintliziyo” yezithuthi zamandla amatsha, i-akhawunti ye-30% ukuya kwi-40% yeendleko zesithuthi. Ngesi sizathu, ishishini lebhetri lamandla lalikhe lajongwa njengendawo yokuphumelela kwixesha elizayo loshishino lweemoto. Nangona kunjalo, ngokupholiswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokubuya kweempawu zangaphandle, ishishini lebhetri lamandla likwajongene nemingeni enzima efana neshishini elitsha leemoto zamandla.

Ixesha leNingde yaba lelokuqala ukujongana nemingeni enzima.

Ngomhla we-13 kaJanuwari, intlangano yophando lwemarike yaseMzantsi Korea i-SNResearch ibhengeze idatha efanelekileyo kwimarike yebhetri yamandla ehlabathi ngo-2020. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2020, umthamo wehlabathi ofakwe kwiibhetri zamandla kwizithuthi zombane ziya kufikelela kwi-137GWh, ukunyuka konyaka I-17%, apho i-CATL iphumelele ubuntshatsheli kunyaka wesine olandelelanayo, kunye nomthamo wonyaka ofakiweyo wafikelela kwi-34GWh, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-2%.

Kwiinkampani zebhetri zamandla, umthamo ofakiweyo umisela indawo yabo yemarike. Nangona isakhono esifakelweyo seCATL sisagcina i-advanteji, ngokwembono yokwanda kokukhula koshishino lwehlabathi, isakhono esifakelweyo seCATL sisezantsi kakhulu kunesantya sokukhula kwehlabathi. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iinkampani zebhetri zamandla zaseJapan kunye neKorea ezimelwe yi-LG Chem, iPanasonic, kunye ne-SKI zanda ngokukhawuleza.

Ukusukela oko umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wenkxaso yemoto yamandla wathi waziswa ngokusesikweni ngo-2013, ishishini leebhetri zamandla, elinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neshishini lezithuthi zamandla amatsha, lathi langeniswa kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo.

Emva kowama-2015, iSebe lezoShishino kunye neTeknoloji yoLwazi likhuphe amaxwebhu omgaqo-nkqubo afana ne “Automotive Power Battery Industry Standards and Standards” kunye ne “Power Battery Manufacturers Directory”. Iinkampani zebhetri zamandla zaseJapan kunye neSouth Korea “zagxothwa”, kwaye uphuhliso lweshishini lebhetri lamandla asekhaya lifikelele kwincopho yalo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngoJuni ka-2019, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eqinisiweyo, imida ephezulu, kunye notshintsho kwiindlela, inani elikhulu leenkampani zebhetri zamandla zafumana ixesha lomzabalazo kwaye ekugqibeleni zanyamalala. Ngo-2020, inani leenkampani zebhetri zamandla zasekhaya liye lancitshiswa langaphezulu kwama-20.

Ngexesha elifanayo, iinkampani zebhetri zamandla ezityalwe kwamanye amazwe sele zilungele ukuhambisa amanqatha kwimarike yaseTshayina. Ukususela ngo-2018, iinkampani zaseJapan kunye neKorea zamandla ebhetri ezifana ne-Samsung SDI, i-LG Chem, i-SKI, njl.njl. sele iqalile ukukhawulezisa “i-counterattack” yemarike yaseTshayina kunye nokwandisa amandla okuvelisa ibhetri yamandla. Phakathi kwabo, iifektri zebhetri zamandla ze-Samsung SDI kunye ne-LG Chem zigqityiwe kwaye zifakwe kwimveliso. Imakethi yasekhaya yebhetri yamandla Ibonisa ipateni “yokuBulala koBubukumkani obuThathu” eTshayina, eJapan naseSouth Korea.

Eyona nto inamandla yi-LG Chem. Ekubeni i-Model 3 series eveliswa yi-Tesla’s Shanghai Gigafactory isebenzisa iibhetri ze-LG Chem, ayizange iqhube nje ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwe-LG Chem, kodwa iphinde ivimbele ixesha le-Ningde. Kwikota yokuqala ka-2020, i-LG Chem, eyayibekwe kwindawo yesithathu, yadlula ixesha le-Ningde ngexesha elinye kwaye yaba yeyona nkampani inkulu yebhetri yamandla emhlabeni enesabelo sentengiso.

Kwangaxeshanye, i-BYD nayo yaqalisa ukukhubekisa.

Ngo-Matshi ka-2020, i-BYD yakhupha iibhetri ze-blade kwaye yaqalisa ukuzinikezela kwiinkampani zeemoto zomntu wesithathu. U-Wang Chuanfu uthe, “Ngaphantsi kwesicwangciso esihle sokuvula ngokupheleleyo, ukwahlula okuzimeleyo kwebhetri ye-BYD kubekwe kwi-ajenda, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba kuqhutywe i-IPO malunga ne-2022.”

Ngapha koko, iibhetri zeblade zingaphezulu malunga nokuphuculwa kwemveliso yebhetri kunye netekhnoloji yokucubungula, kwaye akukho tshintsho luphumeleleyo kwizinto kunye nobuchwepheshe. Okwangoku, ibhetri ye-lithium ye-lithium kunye ne-lithium iron phosphate ibhetri esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizithuthi zombane zombini iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, kunye nebhetri ye-lithium enobuninzi bobuninzi bamandla yi-260Wh / kg. Ishishini ngokubanzi likholelwa ukuba ubuninzi bamandla ebhetri ye-lithium-ion busondele kumda. Kunzima ukugqitha kwi-300Wh/kg.

Umdlalo wamakhadi wesiqingatha sesibini uqalile

Inyaniso engenakuphikiswa yeyokuba nabani na onokugqobhoza umqobo wobugcisa kuqala uya kukwazi ukulixhakamfula eli thuba kwisiqingatha sesibini.

KwangoDisemba ka-2019, iSebe lezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi likhuphe “iSicwangciso soPhuhliso lweZithuthi zaMandla eNtsha (2021-2035)”, esibandakanya ukukhawulezisa iR&D kunye noshishino lwetekhnoloji yebhetri yamandla aqinileyo njenge “Sithuthi saMandla eNtsha. Iprojekthi yoPhando lweTekhnoloji”. Ukukhuthaza ibhetri yelizwe eliqinileyo ukuya kwinqanaba leqhinga lesizwe.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkampani zemoto eziqhelekileyo ekhaya naphesheya, ezifana neToyota, Nissan Renault, GM, BAIC, kunye ne-SAIC, ziqalisile ukunyusa iR&D kunye noshishino lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkampani zebhetri ezifana neTsingtao Energy, LG Chem, kunye neMassachusetts Solid Energy Amalungiselelo okwakhiwa kweefektri zebhetri eziqinileyo nazo ziqalisile, kubandakanywa imigca yokuvelisa ibhetri eqinileyo esele iqalisiwe.

Xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri zelithium zemveli, iibhetri zelizwe ezomeleleyo zineengenelo ezininzi ezifana nokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu, ukhuseleko olungcono, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci, kwaye zibonwa lushishino njengesikhokelo sophuhliso lweebhetri zamandla.

Ngokungafaniyo neebhetri ze-lithium ezisebenzisa i-electrolytes njenge-electrolytes, itekhnoloji yebhetri yesimo esiqinileyo isebenzisa iikhompawundi zeglasi eziqinileyo ezenziwe nge-lithium kunye nesodium njengezinto eziqhubayo. Ekubeni i-conductive material eqinile ayinayo i-fluidity, ingxaki ye-lithium dendrites ixazululwe ngokwemvelo, kunye ne-diaphragm ephakathi kunye ne-graphite anode izinto zokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kunokususwa, ukugcina indawo eninzi. Ngale ndlela, umlinganiselo wezinto ze-electrode unokunyuswa kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwindawo elinganiselweyo yebhetri, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ubuninzi bamandla. Ngokwethiyori, iibhetri ze-slid-state zinokufikelela ngokulula ubuninzi bamandla obungaphezulu kwe-300Wh/kg. Ngeli xesha u-Weilai ubanga ukuba iibhetri ze-slid-state ezisebenzisayo ziye zafumana uxinano lwamandla oluphezulu lwe-360Wh/kg.

Abangaphakathi kwishishini elikhankanywe ngasentla bakholelwa ukuba le bhetri iya kuba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwikamva lokufakelwa kombane. Ubuninzi bamandla eebhetri ze-slid-state kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kabini ukuya kathathu kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion zangoku, kwaye ziya kuba zilula, ziphile ubomi obude, kwaye zikhuseleke kuneebhetri zangoku.

Ukhuseleko belusoloko lusisithunzi kushishino lwebhetri yamandla.

Ngo-2020, ilizwe lam liphumeze inani elipheleleyo le-199 yokukhumbula iimoto, ezibandakanya iimoto ze-6,682,300, apho kwakhunjuzwa iimoto zamandla amatsha angama-31. Ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha, ibhetri yamandla inokuba neengozi zokhuseleko ezinje ngokubaleka kwe-thermal kunye nokutsha okuzenzekelayo. Isekuhlaziywa ngokutsha kweemoto zamandla. esona sizathu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, olona phawu lukhulu lwee-electrolyte eziqinileyo kukuba akukho lula ukutshisa, ngaloo ndlela luphucula ukhuseleko lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha.

IToyota ingene kwindawo yeebhetri zelizwe kwangethuba. Ukusukela ngo-2004, iToyota iphuhlisa iibhetri eziziimeko zonke kwaye iqokelele itekhnoloji yebhetri yesimo sokuqala. NgoMeyi ka-2019, iToyota ibonise iisampulu zebhetri yayo eqinileyo ekwinqanaba lokuvelisa. Ngokutsho kwesicwangciso seToyota, iceba ukunyusa ubuninzi bamandla eebhetri ze-solid-state ukuya ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kwamandla eebhetri ze-lithium ezikhoyo ngo-2025, okulindeleke ukuba zifike kwi-450Wh / kg. Ngelo xesha, izithuthi zombane ezixhotyiswe ngeebhetri eziqinileyo ziya kuba nokwanda okuphawulekayo kuluhlu lokuhamba ngenqanawa, olufaniswa neenqwelo zamafutha zangoku.

Kwangaxeshanye, i-BAIC yaMandla amatsha ikwabhengeze ukugqitywa kokugunyaziswa kwesithuthi sokuqala sombane esisulungekileyo esinenkqubo yebhetri eqinileyo. Ekuqaleni kwe-2020, i-BAIC yaMandla amatsha yazisa i-“2029 Plan”, equka ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yamandla ehlukeneyo kunye nenkqubo yokuqhubela amandla “ezintathu-kwinye” yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, iibhetri eziqinileyo, kunye namafutha. iiseli.

Kweli dabi lizayo lizayo, ixesha le-Ningde lenze noyilo oluhambelanayo.

NgoMeyi ka-2020, uZeng Yuqun, usihlalo we-CATL, udize ukuba iibhetri zokwenyani zelithium zidinga isinyithi se-lithium njenge-electrode engeyiyo yokwandisa ubuninzi bamandla. I-CATL iyaqhubeka nokutyala imali kuphando oluphambili kunye nemveliso ye-R&D kwiibhetri zombuso oqinileyo kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha.

Ngokucacileyo, kwibala leebhetri zamandla, idabi lokuxinana elisekelwe kwiibhetri zelizwe eliqinileyo lithe cwaka, kwaye ubunkokeli betekhnoloji obusekwe kwiibhetri zelizwe eliqinileyo buya kuba yindawo yokuchitha amanzi kwindawo yeebhetri zamandla.

Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo zisajongene namakhamandela

Ngokwezibalo ze-SNResearchd, indawo yentengiso yebhetri yelizwe lam kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-3 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2025 kunye ne-20 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2030.

Ngaphandle kwendawo yentengiso enkulu, kukho iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu ezijongene neebhetri zombuso oqinileyo, itekhnoloji kunye neendleko. Okwangoku, kukho iinkqubo ezintathu eziphambili ze-electrolyte ezomeleleyo kwiibhetri zombuso oqinileyo emhlabeni, ezizezi: i-polymer all-solid, oxide all-solid, kunye ne-sulfide all-solid electrolytes. Ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo ekhankanywe nguWeilai eneneni yibhetri eqinileyo, oko kukuthi, i-electrolyte engamanzi kunye noKuxutywa kwee-electrolyte eziqinileyo zeoxide.

Ngokwembono yamathuba okuvelisa ngobuninzi, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo ngokwenene zinokuyisombulula imiba yangoku yokhuseleko lweebhetri zolwelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba i-conductivity yeenkqubo ezimbini zokuqala eziphathekayo yingxaki yethiyori kunokuba ingxaki yenkqubo, isafuna isixa esithile sotyalo-mali lwe-R & D ukuyisombulula. Ukongezelela, “iingozi zemveliso” zenkqubo ye-sulfide ayikwazi ukujongana ngokufanelekileyo okwethutyana. Kwaye ingxaki yeendleko inkulu.

Indlela eya kushishino lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo isavalekile rhoqo. Ukuba ufuna ukonwabela ngokwenyani ibhonasi yoxinaniso lwamandla ebhetri yombuso oqinileyo, kuya kufuneka ubeke endaweni yenkqubo ye-electrode ye-lithium yentsimbi enoxinano oluphezulu lwamandla. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokhuseleko lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo, kwaye uxinano lwamandla ebhetri lunokufikelela Ngaphezulu kwe-500Wh/kg. Kodwa obu bunzima busebukhulu kakhulu. Uphando kunye nophuhliso lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo lusekwinqanaba lovavanyo lobunzululwazi elabhoratri, elikude kakhulu noshishino.

Umzekelo onokuthi ukhankanywe ngowokuba ngoMatshi ka-2020, iNezha Motors yakhupha imodeli entsha yeNezha U exhotyiswe ngeebhetri zombuso oqinileyo. Ngokutsho kweNezha Motors, uNezha U uceba ukunika ingxelo kwiSebe lezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi ngo-Okthobha kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Iiseti ezingama-500 ziyaveliswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimoto zebhetri ezingama-500 zeNezha zisalahlekile.

Nangona kunjalo, nokuba iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zinetekhnoloji evuthiweyo, imveliso yobuninzi isafuna ukusombulula ukhuphiswano lweendleko kunye neebhetri zelithium ezingamanzi. U-Li Bin uphinde wathi ubunzima bokuveliswa kweebhetri eziqinileyo kukuba iindleko ziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ingxaki yeendleko kukuthengiswa kweteknoloji yebhethri yelizwe eliqinileyo. Owona mngeni mkhulu.

Ngokwenene, uluhlu lokuhamba kunye neendleko zokusetyenziswa (iindleko zesithuthi sonke kunye nebhetri yokutshintshwa) zisezikhonkco ezibuthathaka zezithuthi zombane, kwaye impumelelo yanoma yiyiphi iteknoloji entsha kufuneka isombulule ezi ngxaki zimbini ezinkulu ngexesha elinye. Ngokwezibalo, ixabiso lilonke lebhetri yesimo esiqinileyo ekwasebenzisa i-electrode negative yegraphite yi-158.8$/kWh, eyi-34% ephezulu kunexabiso lilonke lebhetri yolwelo eyi-118.7$/kWh.

Lilonke, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zisekwinqanaba lenguqu, kwaye iingxaki zobugcisa kunye neendleko kufuneka zisonjululwe ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, kwishishini lebhetri lamandla, iibhetri eziqinileyo zisengumhlaba ophakamileyo kwisiqingatha sesibini somdlalo.

Umjikelo omtsha wotshintsho lwetekhnoloji yebhetri uyeza, kwaye akukho mntu ufuna ukuwela ngasemva kwisiqingatha sesibini sedabi.