NgoJanuwari 9, ku-“2020NIODay” eyayiphethwe u-Weilai, ngaphezu kwesiqalo esisemthethweni se-ET7, eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu njengamanje”, kwamenyezelwa nokuthi i-Weilai ET7 ifakwe amabhethri aqinile. izoba engxenyeni yesine ka-2022. Emakethe, ukuminyana kwamandla ayo kufinyelela ku-360Wh/kg, futhi ngamabhethri esimo esiqinile, imayela le-Weilai ET7 lingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1,000 ngokushajwa okukodwa.

Kodwa-ke, u-Li Bin, umsunguli we-Weilai, akazange akhulume ngomhlinzeki wamabhethri wezwe eliqinile, ethi kuphela i-Weilai Automobile inobudlelwane obuseduze kakhulu bokusebenzisana nabahlinzeki bebhethri yezwe eliqinile futhi ngokuqinisekile iyinkampani ehamba phambili embonini. Ngokusekelwe emazwini ka-Li Bin, amazwe angaphandle asola ukuthi lo mnikezeli webhethri wezwe eliqinile kungenzeka abe senkathini ye-Ningde.

Kodwa noma ngabe ubani umphakeli webhethri lesimo esiqinile se-NIO, amabhethri esimo esiqinile ayisixazululo esingcono kakhulu sezinkinga eziningi ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto zamandla amasha, futhi ayisiqondiso esibalulekile sentuthuko embonini yebhethri lamandla.

Umuntu osembonini yebhethri lamandla ukholelwa ukuthi amabhethri esimo esiqinile azoba ukuphakama okuyalela kwezobuchwepheshe kwesizukulwane esilandelayo samabhethri asebenza kahle kakhulu. “Umkhakha wamabhethri e-solid state usungene esigabeni somjaho we-an’arms’ lapho abaningi ababambe iqhaza emakethe, okuhlanganisa izinkampani zezimoto, izinkampani ezisebenza ngogesi, izikhungo zokutshala izimali, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Izikhungo nezinye zidlala imidlalo emikhakheni emithathu yemali, ubuchwepheshe kanye nethalente. Uma bengalufuni ushintsho bazobe bengasekho emdlalweni.”

Amandla ebhethri emhlabeni wonke

Ukushisisa nokupholisa imboni yebhethri lamandla akuhlukaniseki embonini yezimoto zamandla amasha, futhi ngokusimama kancane kancane kwemakethe yezimoto zamandla amasha, ukuncintisana embonini yebhethri yamandla kuye kwashuba kakhulu.

Kuhle ukusho ukuthi ibhethri lamandla liyaziwa ngokuthi “inhliziyo” yezimoto ezintsha zamandla, ezibalelwa ku-30% kuya ku-40% wezindleko zemoto. Ngalesi sizathu, imboni yebhethri lamandla yake yathathwa njengephuzu eliphumelelayo enkathini elandelayo yomkhakha wezimoto. Kodwa-ke, ngokupholiswa kwezinqubomgomo kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemikhiqizo yangaphandle, imboni yebhethri yamandla nayo ibhekene nezinselele ezinzima ezifana nemboni yezimoto zamandla amasha.

Isikhathi saseNingde kwaba ngesokuqala ukubhekana nezinselelo ezinzima.

NgoJanuwari 13, inhlangano yocwaningo lwemakethe yaseNingizimu Korea i-SNResearch yamemezela idatha efanele emakethe yebhethri lamandla omhlaba ngo-2020. Idatha ibonisa ukuthi ngo-2020, umthamo ofakwe emhlabeni wonke wamabhethri kagesi ezimotweni zikagesi uzofinyelela ku-137GWh, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka U-17%, lapho i-CATL iwine khona ubuqhawe unyaka wesine olandelanayo, futhi umthamo wonyaka ofakiwe wafinyelela ku-34GWh, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngo-2%.

Ezinkampanini zebhethri lamandla, umthamo ofakiwe unquma indawo yazo yemakethe. Nakuba amandla afakiwe e-CATL asalondoloza inzuzo, ngokombono wokukhula kokukhula kwebhizinisi emhlabeni wonke, umthamo ofakiwe we-CATL uphansi kakhulu kunezinga lokukhula komhlaba. Ngokungabaza, izinkampani zebhethri lamandla e-Japan ne-Korea ezimelwe i-LG Chem, i-Panasonic, ne-SKI zanda ngokushesha.

Selokhu kwethulwa ngokusemthethweni inqubomgomo entsha yezimoto zamandla kagesi ngo-2013, imboni yamabhethri kagesi, ehlobene kakhulu nemboni yezimoto zamandla amasha, yake yaqala ukuthuthuka ngokushesha.

Ngemuva kuka-2015, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi ukhiphe amadokhumenti enqubomgomo afana nokuthi “Amazinga Namazinga Wemboni Yebhethri Yamandla Ezimoto” kanye “Nemibhalo Yabakhiqizi Bebhethri Yamandla”. Izinkampani zebhethri zamandla zaseJapane nezaseNingizimu Korea “zaxoshwa”, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yebhethri yamandla asekhaya kwafinyelela phezulu.

Kodwa-ke, ngoJuni 2019, ngezinqubomgomo eziqinisiwe, imikhawulo ephezulu, kanye nezinguquko zemizila, inani elikhulu lezinkampani zamabhethri kagesi zahlangabezana nesikhathi somzabalazo futhi ekugcineni zanyamalala. Ngo-2020, isibalo sezinkampani zamabhethri asekhaya sesehlisiwe saba ngaphezu kwama-20.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani zebhethri zamandla ezitshalwe kwamanye amazwe sekuyisikhathi eside zilungele ukuhambisa amafutha emakethe yaseShayina. Kusukela ngo-2018, izinkampani zebhethri zamandla zaseJapane naseKorea ezifana ne-Samsung SDI, LG Chem, SKI, njll. seziqalile ukusheshisa “i-counterattack” yemakethe yaseShayina futhi zandise amandla okukhiqiza ibhethri lamandla. Phakathi kwazo, izimboni zebhethri zamandla ze-Samsung SDI ne-LG Chem seziqediwe futhi zafakwa ekukhiqizeni. Imakethe yebhethri yamandla yasekhaya Yethula iphethini “Yokubulala Imibuso Emithathu” yase-China, Japan kanye neNingizimu Korea.

Okuhlukumeza kakhulu yi-LG Chem. Njengoba uchungechunge lwe-Model 3 olukhiqizwe yi-Tesla’s Shanghai Gigafactory lisebenzisa amabhethri e-LG Chem, aluqhubanga nje ukukhula ngokushesha kwe-LG Chem, kodwa futhi luvimbe inkathi ye-Ningde. Ngekota yokuqala ka-2020, i-LG Chem, eyayikleliswe endaweni yesithathu, yadlula inkathi ye-Ningde ngokuphazima kweso futhi yaba inkampani yebhethri enamandla amakhulu emhlabeni enesabelo semakethe.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-BYD iphinde yethula ukuhlasela.

NgoMashi 2020, i-BYD yakhipha amabhethri e-blade futhi yaqala ukuwahlinzeka ezinkampanini zezimoto zezinkampani zangaphandle. U-Wang Chuanfu uthe, “Ngaphansi kwesu elihle lokuvula ngokugcwele, ukuhlukaniswa okuzimele kwe-BYD Battery kufakwe ku-ajenda, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhube i-IPO cishe ngo-2022.”

Eqinisweni, amabhethri e-blade amayelana nentuthuko ekukhiqizweni kwebhethri nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, futhi akukho okusha okuthuthukile ezintweni zokwakha nobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, ibhethri le-ternary lithium kanye nebhethri le-lithium iron phosphate elivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi womabili amabhethri e-lithium-ion, kanti ibhethri le-lithium elinamandla amakhulu kakhulu lingu-260Wh/kg. Imboni ngokuvamile ikholelwa ukuthi ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion kuseduze nomkhawulo. Kunzima ukweqa ama-300Wh/kg.

Umdlalo wamakhadi wesiwombe sesibili usuqalile

Iqiniso elingephikwe ukuthi noma ngubani ongabhodloza i-technical bottleneck kuqala uzokwazi ukulibamba leli thuba ngesiwombe sesibili.

Kusukela ngoZibandlela wezi-2019, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi ukhiphe “UHlelo Olusha Lokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yezimoto Zamandla (2021-2035)”, oluhlanganisa ukusheshisa i-R&D kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kobuchwepheshe bebhethri lamandla aqinile njenge “New Energy Vehicle Core Core. Iphrojekthi Yocwaningo Lwezobuchwepheshe”. Nyusa ibhethri lesimo esiqinile liye ezingeni likazwelonke lamasu.

Eminyakeni yakamuva, izinkampani zezimoto ezijwayelekile ekhaya naphesheya, njengeToyota, Nissan Renault, GM, BAIC, kanye ne-SAIC, seziqalile ukuqinisa i-R&D kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zamabhethri e-solid state. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izinkampani zamabhethri ezifana ne-Tsingtao Energy, i-LG Chem, kanye ne-Massachusetts Solid Energy Amalungiselelo okwakhiwa kwamafekthri ebhethri yesimo esiqinile nawo aseqalile, okuhlanganisa imigqa yokukhiqiza ibhethri yesimo esiqinile esesivele siqalile ukusebenza.

Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium endabuko, amabhethri e-solid state anezinzuzo eziningi njengokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukuphepha okungcono, nosayizi omncane, futhi athathwa yimboni njengendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri amandla.

Ngokungafani namabhethri e-lithium asebenzisa ama-electrolyte njengama-electrolyte, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri yesimo esiqinile busebenzisa izinhlanganisela zengilazi eziqinile ezenziwe nge-lithium ne-sodium njengezinto ezisebenzayo. Njengoba izinto eziqinile eziqhutshwayo zingenayo i-fluidity, inkinga ye-lithium dendrites ixazululwa ngokwemvelo, futhi i-diaphragm ephakathi nendawo ye-graphite anode ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kungasuswa, konga isikhala esiningi. Ngale ndlela, ingxenye yezinto ze-electrode inganyuswa ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni elinganiselwe yebhethri, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukuminyana kwamandla. Ngokombono, amabhethri esimo esiqinile angathola kalula ukuminyana kwamandla angaphezu kuka-300Wh/kg. Kulokhu u-Weilai uthi amabhethri esimo esiqinile ewasebenzisayo azuze amandla amakhulu kakhulu angu-360Wh/kg.

Laba bangaphakathi embonini okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla bakholelwa ukuthi le bhethri izoba yisinyathelo esibalulekile esibheke esikhathini esizayo sokufakwa kukagesi. Ukuminyana kwamandla wamabhethri esimo esiqinile kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje, futhi azoba lula, aphile isikhathi eside, futhi aphephe kunamabhethri amanje.

Ukuphepha bekulokhu kuyithunzi phezu kwemboni yebhethri lamandla.

Ngo-2020, izwe lami lasebenzisa isamba sezimoto eziyi-199 zokukhumbula izimoto, okubandakanya izimoto eziyi-6,682,300, okwabuyiselwa kuzo izimoto zamandla amasha angama-31. Ekugayweni kabusha kwezimoto zamandla amasha, ibhethri lamandla lingase libe nezingozi zokuphepha ezifana nokubaleka okushisayo kanye nokusha okuzenzakalelayo. Kusewukugaywa kabusha kwezimoto ezisebenza ngamandla. isizathu esiyinhloko. Ngokuphambene, isici esikhulu kunazo zonke zama-electrolyte aqinile ukuthi akulula ukuwashisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ngokuyisisekelo ukuphepha kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla.

I-Toyota ingene emkhakheni wamabhethri e-solid state kusenesikhathi. Kusukela ngo-2004, i-Toyota ibilokhu ithuthukisa amabhethri e-solid-state futhi isiqongelele ubuchwepheshe bebhethri lesimo esiqinile. NgoMeyi 2019, abakwaToyota bakhombise amasampula ebhethri layo eliqinile elisesigabeni sokukhiqiza isivivinyo. Ngokohlelo lweToyota, ihlela ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-solid-state ibe ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili komthamo wamandla wamabhethri e-lithium akhona ngo-2025, okulindeleke ukuthi afinyelele ku-450Wh/kg. Ngaleso sikhathi, izimoto zikagesi ezifakwe amabhethri e-solid state zizoba nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwebanga lokuhamba, eliqhathaniswa nezimoto zamanje zikaphethiloli.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-BAIC New Energy iphinde yamemezela ukuphothulwa kokusebenza kwemoto yokuqala ehlanzekile esebenza ngogesi efakwe isistimu yebhethri yesimo esiqinile. Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, i-BAIC New Energy yamemezela “uHlelo luka-2029”, oluhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwamandla ahlukahlukene olunohlelo lokushayela amandla “ezintathu kokukodwa” lwamabhethri e-lithium-ion, amabhethri e-solid state, kanye nophethiloli. amaseli.

Kule mpi eshubile ezayo, inkathi ye-Ningde nayo yenze isakhiwo esihambisanayo.

NgoMeyi 2020, uZeng Yuqun, usihlalo we-CATL, wembula ukuthi amabhethri e-solid state yangempela adinga insimbi ye-lithium njenge-electrode engeyinhle ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwamandla. I-CATL iyaqhubeka nokutshala imali ocwaningweni olusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ne-R&D yomkhiqizo kumabhethri wesimo esiqinile nobunye ubuchwepheshe.

Ngokusobala, emkhakheni wamabhethri anamandla, impi enzima esekelwe kumabhethri e-solid-state iqalile buthule, futhi ubuholi bezobuchwepheshe obusekelwe kumabhethri e-solid state buzoba indawo yamanzi emkhakheni wamabhethri wamandla.

Amabhethri esimo esiqinile asabhekene namaketango

Ngokwezibalo ze-SNResearchd, indawo yemakethe yebhethri yezwe lami kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3 ngo-2025 kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngo-2030.

Naphezu kwesikhala esikhulu semakethe, kunezinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu ezibhekene namabhethri e-solid-state, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezindleko. Njengamanje, kunezinhlelo ezintathu ezibalulekile zama-electrolyte aqinile kumabhethri esimo esiqinile emhlabeni, okuyi-polymer all-solid, oxide all-solid, kanye ne-sulfide all-solid electrolyte. Ibhethri lesimo esiqinile elishiwo ngu-Weilai empeleni ibhethri eliqinile kancane, okungukuthi, i-electrolyte ewuketshezi kanye Ukuxuba ama-electrolyte aqinile e-oxide.

Ngokombono wamathuba okukhiqiza ngobuningi, amabhethri e-solid-state angakwazi ngempela ukuxazulula izinkinga zamanje zokuphepha zamabhethri awuketshezi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukuqhutshwa kwezinhlelo ezimbili zokuqala kuyinkinga yethiyori kunenkinga yenqubo, kusadinga inani elithile lokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-R&D ukuyixazulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, “izingozi zokukhiqiza” zesistimu ye-sulfide azikwazi ukubhekana nazo ngokuphumelelayo okwesikhashana. Futhi inkinga yezindleko inkulu.

Umgwaqo oya embonini yamabhethri e-solid-state usavimbekile njalo. Uma ufuna ukujabulela ngempela ibhonasi yokuminyana kwamandla yamabhethri esimo esiqinile, kufanele ubeke esikhundleni sesistimu ye-electrode eyinsimbi ye-lithium ngokuminyana okukhulu kwamandla. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngokuphepha kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile, futhi ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri kungafinyelela Ngaphezulu kuka-500Wh/kg. Kodwa lobu bunzima busebukhulu kakhulu. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile kusesesigabeni sokuhlolwa kwesayensi yaselabhorethri, esikude kakhulu nokwakhiwa kwezimboni.

Isibonelo esingashiwo ukuthi ngoMashi 2020, iNezha Motors yakhipha imodeli entsha ye-Nezha U efakwe amabhethri aqinile. Ngokusho kweNezha Motors, iNezha U ihlela ukuyobika eMnyangweni Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi ngo-Okthoba nyakenye. 500 amasethi akhiqizwa. Kodwa-ke, kusukela manje, izimoto zebhethri ze-500 Nezha solid-state azikatholakali.

Kodwa-ke, noma amabhethri e-solid-state enobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kusadinga ukuxazulula ukuncintisana kwezindleko ngamabhethri e-lithium ayiketshezi. U-Li Bin uphinde wathi ubunzima bokukhiqizwa ngobuningi bamabhethri e-solid-state ukuthi izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu, futhi inkinga yezindleko ukuthengiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri yesimo esiqinile. Inselele enkulu.

Ngokuyinhloko, ibanga lokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye nezindleko zokusetshenziswa (izindleko zemoto yonke kanye nebhethri elishintshwayo) kuseyizixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka zezimoto zikagesi, futhi impumelelo yanoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe obusha kufanele ixazulule lezi zinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokwezibalo, isamba sezindleko zebhethri lesimo esiqinile elisebenzisa i-electrode eyi-graphite negative lingu-158.8$/kWh, ephakeme ngo-34% kunesamba sezindleko zebhethri elingu-118.7$/kWh.

Sekukonke, amabhethri esimo esiqinile asesesigabeni sezinguquko, futhi izinkinga zobuchwepheshe nezindleko zidinga ukuxazululwa ngokushesha. Noma kunjalo, embonini yebhethri lamandla, amabhethri e-solid state aseyindawo ephezulu engxenyeni yesibili yegeyimu.

Umjikelezo omusha wokuguqula ubuchwepheshe bebhethri uyeza, futhi akekho ofuna ukusala ngemuva engxenyeni yesibili yempi.