Ko da yake jerin sabbin motocin makamashi a kasar Sin ba su hada da dimbin motocin da ba su da tangal-tangal, amma ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa irin wadannan nau’ikan motocin ba sa bukatar sauya dabi’ar masu amfani da su, amma suna iya kawo tattalin arzikin mai da ingancin tuki. , Ƙari da yawa tare da masu amfani.

Idan aka yi maganar samar da wutar lantarki, baya ga Honda, wacce ta makara, abin dogaro ne a kasuwannin cikin gida cewa Toyota ce ta fara kawo wannan fasaha zuwa kasar Sin. Toyota a fili yana cin moriyar wannan. A cikin Janairu 2019, tallace-tallace na ƙarni na takwas Camry ya kai 19,720, wanda samfuran matasan suka kai 21%. Mafi arha, ƙaramin ƙirar Leeling ya sayar da raka’a 26,681 a cikin Janairu, tare da motocin haɗin gwiwar da ke lissafin kashi 20% na tallace-tallace.

Koyaya, yawancin masu amfani har yanzu suna da tambayoyi game da motocin haɗaɗɗiyar. Me yasa Toyota ke mayar da hankali a makance akan amfani da batir hydride na nickel-metal yayin da ake amfani da yawancin sabbin motocin makamashi (kamar Tesla, NIO, BYD, da sauransu)? An yi amfani da batirin lithium wajen amfani da abubuwan buƙatun mu na yau da kullun A yau, amfani da batirin hydride na nickel-metal ya ƙare. Shin wannan masana’anta ce don rage farashin samarwa? A haƙiƙa, amfani da batir hydride na nickel-metal a cikin motocin matasan yana da fa’idodi masu yawa, ba Toyota kaɗai ba, har ma da nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan Ford da General Motors. Yawancin motocin wuta suna zaɓar batir hydride nickel-metal a matsayin matsakaicin ajiyar makamashin lantarki.

Wutar lantarki da muke amfani da ita a kullum shine 1.2V, wanda shine baturin hydride nickel-metal.

1.22. Dubban batura, aminci da farko

Batir Ni-MH ya zama zaɓi na farko ga motoci da yawa saboda aminci da amincinsa mara misaltuwa. A gefe guda, electrolyte na batir hydride nickel-metal shine maganin ruwa mara ƙonewa. A gefe guda kuma, takamaiman ƙarfin zafi da zafi na evaporation na batirin electrolyte na nickel-metal hydride suna da yawa, yayin da ƙarfin kuzarin ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, wanda ke nufin cewa ko da a cikin yanayin gajeriyar kewayawa, huda da sauran matsananciyar rashin daidaituwa. yanayi, hawan zafin baturin bai isa ya haifar da konewa ba. A ƙarshe, a matsayin babban samfurin baturi, baturin Ni-MH yana da ƙarancin kulawar inganci da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, fiye da kashi 73% na motocin da ake amfani da su a duniya suna amfani da batir hydride na nickel-metal, jimlar fiye da motoci miliyan 8. Waɗannan motocin haɗaɗɗun sun sami munanan hatsarori na kare lafiyar baturi yayin amfani da su. A matsayin wakilin motocin hada-hadar kasuwanci, Toyota Prius ba shi da hasarar rayuwar batir a bayyane saboda kyawawan hanyoyin caji da caji bayan shekaru 10 na amfani. Don haka, batir nickel-metal hydride batura sune mafi mahimmancin batura don aikace-aikacen kasuwanci.

Fakitin baturi na Prius ba shi da wani mummunan haɗari na aminci. Gwaje-gwajen kasashen waje ne suka yi cajin fakitin baturi ta hanyar wucin gadi.

Cajin mara hankali, tsawon rai

Na biyu, batir Ni-MH suna da kyakkyawan cajin sauri da aikin fitarwa. Misali, ƙarfin baturi na sabuwar ƙarni na takwas na Camry tagwayen injina bai wuce 6.5 kWh ba, wanda bai wuce rabin ƙarfin toshe motocin da ke sama da 10 kWh ba. Batir Ni-MH sun fi batir lithium fa’ida saboda tsarin aikin tsarin gauraya yana buƙatar cajin baturi da fitar da su cikin sauri.

Kodayake yawan kuzarin batirin Ni-MH shine kawai 60-80% na na batirin lithium (batir lithium 100J/m), batirin Ni-MH suna da ƙananan buƙatu don kariyar aminci da sarrafa zafin jiki, kuma suna da sauƙin samun su a cikin ƙananan matasan. ababan hawa. Matsayin kansa.

Ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar dabarar samar da wutar lantarki, tsarin wutar lantarki na musamman don motocin lantarki masu haɗaka zai iya amfani da kashi 10% na ƙarfin baturi yayin tuƙi. Ko da a cikin matsanancin yanayi, matsakaicin ƙarfin baturi zai iya kaiwa 40% kawai. A takaice dai, kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki ba a taba amfani da su ba. Wannan dabarar sarrafa batir ana kiranta caji mai zurfi, wanda zai iya tsawaita rayuwar batirin nickel-chromium, kuma tasirin ƙwaƙwalwarsa yana inganta sosai, tare da zagayowar caji sama da 10,000.

Rahoton masu amfani sun binciki sama da masu mallakar Prius 36,000 kuma sun kammala cewa motar abin dogaro ce kuma mai arha don amfani. Don wannan karshen, Rahoton Masu amfani sun gudanar da aikin tattalin arzikin man fetur a kan Prius mai shekaru 10 mai nisan kilomita 330,000 da Prius mai shekaru 10 mai nisan kilomita 3,200. Da gwajin aiki. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsofaffi da sababbin motocin da aka yi amfani da su tsawon shekaru 10 kuma sun yi tafiyar kilomita 330,000 sun ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur da kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki, wanda ke nuna cewa baturin nickel-metal hydride da tsarin wutar lantarki na iya aiki kamar yadda aka saba. .

Tun lokacin da ake samun karuwar sabbin motocin makamashi (lantarki mai tsafta da matasan plug-in) a cikin kasuwannin cikin gida a cikin 2015, sabbin motocin makamashi masu amfani da batir lithium sun sami raguwar rayuwar batir bayan wasu adadin shekaru da aka yi amfani da su, kuma ƙarfinsu yana raguwa sosai. ƙananan yanayin zafi a cikin hunturu, yana haifar da yawancin masu motoci Babu shakka juriyar juriya yayin amfani. Wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar halayen batir lithium. Sabili da haka, a cikin shekaru 3-4 na sababbin motocin makamashi, mafi girman garanti shine kawai 45%, idan aka kwatanta da mafi ƙarancin motar mai tare da kawai 60% (shekarun abin hawa), wanda ya fi ƙasa da ƙasa.

3. Samar da batir masu dacewa da muhalli da kera motoci masu dacewa da muhalli

Kodayake baturin lithium ba shi da tasirin žwažwalwa, caji da sake zagayowar fitarwa gabaɗaya kusan sau 600 ne. A cikin hadadden yanayi na babban cajin gaggawa na halin yanzu da fitarwa da caji da yawa da yawa, rayuwar baturi yana raguwa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, saboda yin amfani da magungunan lantarki na kwayoyin halitta, juriya na baturi na lithium yana ƙaruwa da sauri a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma aikinsa yana raguwa sosai a 0 ° C, wanda ba zai iya cika bukatun al’ada na yau da kullum a -10 ° C. Sabanin haka, saboda amfani da maganin alkaline electrolyte, zafin aiki na batir hydride nickel-metal na iya zama ƙasa da -40 ° C. Saboda haka, iko da tattalin arzikin motocin matasan ba sa canzawa sosai a cikin hunturu.

A ƙarshe, batir Ni-MH sun fi dacewa da muhalli saboda basu ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba ba. Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin batir hydride na nickel-metal shine nickel da ƙasa masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, waɗanda ke da ƙimar farfadowa mai girma (ƙimar saura) da ƙarancin murmurewa. Ainihin duk ana iya sake yin fa’ida kuma a sake amfani da su don gane dawwamammen ci gaban kayan. An san shi azaman baturi mafi dacewa da muhalli.

A gefe guda kuma, baturan lithium sun fi wahalar sake sarrafa su. Ayyukan sinadarai na batirin lithium da kansa ya sa hanyar fasaha ta sake yin amfani da shi ta kasance mai rikitarwa. Dole ne a riga an sarrafa baturin, gami da fitarwa, tarwatsawa, murkushewa da rarrabuwa. Za a iya sake yin amfani da robobin da aka tarwatsa da kwandon ƙarfe, amma farashin yana da yawa: ragowar ƙarfin lantarki har yanzu yana da ɗaruruwan volts (ba a haɗa su ba) kuma yana da haɗari; Rufin baturi yana da aminci, marufin yana rarrabuwar kansa, kuma babban ƙoƙari yana buɗe; Bugu da ƙari, cathode baturi na lithium kayan kuma sun bambanta, tare da babban buƙatar acid da alkaline mafita don dawowa. Tare da fasahar zamani, sake yin amfani da batirin lithium kasuwanci ne mai asara.

Baya ga fa’idodin da ke sama, batirin Ni-MH kuma suna da fa’idodin ingantaccen fitarwa, lanƙwasa mai laushi, da ƙarancin calorific ƙimar. Don haka, kafin babban ci gaba a fasahar batir, wannan ƙaramin ƙarfin ƙarfin batirin Ni-MH har yanzu shine mafi kyawun abokin tarayya ga haɗaɗɗun motocin da basa buƙatar babban ƙarfin baturi. Kwamitin PCB wanda ke haɗa nau’ikan sarrafawa kamar kayan aiki, kwandishan, sauti, da maɓalli masu wayo kuma shine haɗin kai. Yana da mahimmanci don rage nauyi, adana farashi (ciki har da rage sassa, rage matakan haɗuwa, rage kayan aikin waya, da dai sauransu), da rage sarari. A halin yanzu, ayyuka na kowane bangare na abin hawa ana gane su ta hanyar nasu na’urori masu zaman kansu, kamar maɓalli mai mahimmanci, kwandishan, sauti, panel na kayan aiki, radar, saka idanu na taya, da dai sauransu. ayyukan kansa. Haɗuwa da ƙananan kayan lantarki na lantarki ba kawai rage yawan farashin kayan lantarki ba, amma kuma yana rage farashin ganewar samfurin, samarwa, gwaji, gyare-gyare, da kuma bayan tallace-tallace, yana inganta tsarin motar fasinja, kuma yana da amfani ga ƙananan nauyi. na dukan abin hawa. Haɗe-haɗen EEA shima ginshiƙi ne ga masu kera motoci don ƙware ainihin gasa.