Nangona uluhlu lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha e-China alubandakanyi izithuthi ezininzi ze-non-plug-in hybrid, akunakuphikwa ukuba izithuthi ezinjalo ezixubileyo azidingi ukutshintsha imikhwa yomsebenzisi, kodwa zinokuzisa uqoqosho oluninzi lwamafutha kunye nomgangatho wokuqhuba. , Iya kuthandwa ngakumbi ngabasebenzisi.

Ukuthetha ngamandla e-hybrid, ngaphandle kweHonda, i-latecomer, ithembekile kwimarike yasekhaya ukuba iToyota yaba ngowokuqala ukuzisa le teknoloji eChina. Kucacile ukuba iToyota ithatha eli thuba. NgoJanuwari ka-2019, intengiso yesizukulwana sesibhozo iCamry yafikelela kwi-19,720, apho iimodeli ezixutyiweyo zibalelwa kwi-21%. Imodeli enexabiso eliphantsi, icompact uLeeling uthengise iiyunithi ezingama-26,681 ngoJanuwari, kunye nezithuthi ezixubileyo ezibalelwa kwi-20% yentengiso.

Nangona kunjalo, abathengi abaninzi basenemibuzo malunga neemoto ezixubileyo. Kutheni iToyota igxile ngokungaboniyo ekusetyenzisweni kweebhetri zenickel-metal hydride xa uninzi lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha (ezifana neTesla, NIO, BYD, njl.) zisetyenziswa? Iibhetri zeLithium zisetyenzisiwe ekusebenziseni iimfuno zethu zemihla ngemihla Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngaba lo ngumzi-mveliso wokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso? Ngapha koko, ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride kwizithuthi ezixutyiweyo kuneengenelo ezinkulu, hayi iToyota kuphela, kodwa neehybrids zeempawu ezininzi ezifana neFord kunye neGeneral Motors. Uninzi lweemoto ezinamandla zikhetha iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride njengendawo yokugcina amandla ombane.

Umbane esiwusebenzisa yonke imihla yi-1.2V, eyibhetri ye-nickel-metal hydride.

1.22. Amawaka eebhetri, ukhuseleko kuqala

Ibhetri ye-Ni-MH ibe yinto yokuqala yokukhetha iimoto ezininzi ngenxa yokhuseleko olungenakulinganiswa nokuthembeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-electrolyte yeebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride isisombululo esingatshayo samanzi. Kwelinye icala, umthamo wobushushu obuthile kunye nobushushu bomphunga we-nickel-metal hydride ibhetri ye-electrolyte iphezulu kakhulu, ngelixa ubuninzi bamandla buphantsi, oku kuthetha ukuba nakwimeko ye-short-circuit, puncture kunye nezinye ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu. iimeko, ukunyuka kobushushu bebhetri akwanelanga ukubangela ukutsha. Ekugqibeleni, njengemveliso yebhetri evuthiweyo, ibhetri ye-Ni-MH inobunzima bokulawula umgangatho ophantsi kunye nesivuno esiphezulu.

Ukuza kuthi ga ekupheleni kowama-2014, ngaphezu kwe-73% yeemoto ezixutyiweyo zehlabathi zisebenzisa iibhetri zenickel-metal hydride, zizonke ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezisi-8 zezithuthi. Ezi zithuthi ze-hybrid ziye zaba neengozi ezinzulu zokhuseleko lwebhetri ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwazo. Njengommeli wezithuthi ezixubileyo zorhwebo, iToyota Prius ayinayo ilahleko ecacileyo yobomi bebhetri ngenxa yokutshaja kwayo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha emva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokusetyenziswa. Ke ngoko, iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride ezivuthiweyo zezona bhetri zixabisekileyo kwizicelo zorhwebo.

Ibettery pack yePrius ayinazo iingozi ezimandundu zokhuseleko. Ipakethi yebhetri ihlawuliswe ngokwenziwa ngabavavanyi bangaphandle.

Ukutshaja okunzulu, ubomi obude

Okwesibini, iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zinentlawulo elungileyo ekhawulezayo kunye nokusebenza kokukhupha. Ngokomzekelo, umthamo webhetri yemoto ye-injini ye-Camry yamva nje ye-injini ye-6.5 kWh, engaphantsi kwesiqingatha somthamo we-plug-in hybrid vehicles ngaphezu kwe-10 kWh. Iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zinenzuzo ngakumbi kuneebhetri ze-lithium kuba indlela yokusebenza ye-hybrid system ifuna ukuba iibhetri zihlawulwe kwaye zikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza.

Nangona ubuninzi bamandla ebhetri ye-Ni-MH kuphela i-60-80% yeebhetri ze-lithium (i-100J / m ibhetri ye-lithium), iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zineemfuno eziphantsi zokukhusela ukhuseleko kunye nokulawula ukushisa, kwaye kulula ukuyifumana kwi-hybrid encinci. izithuthi. Isikhundla sakho.

Ngaphantsi kwesicwangciso esifanelekileyo sokukhupha amandla, inkqubo yamandla ekhethekileyo yezithuthi zombane ezixutyiweyo zingasebenzisa kuphela i-10% yomthamo webhetri ngexesha lokuqhuba. Nakwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, umthamo omkhulu webhetri unokufikelela kuphela kwi-40%. Ngamanye amazwi, malunga ne-60% yombane ayizange isetyenziswe. Esi sicwangciso solawulo lwebhetri sibizwa ngokuba kukutshaja okunzulu, okunokwandisa kakhulu ubomi beebhetri ze-nickel-chromium, kwaye umphumo wayo wememori uphuculwe kakhulu, kunye nemijikelezo yokukhutshwa kwe-charge ye-10,000.

IiNgxelo zabaThengi zivavanye ngaphezu kwe-36,000 yabanini bePrius kwaye bagqiba ukuba imoto inokwethenjelwa kwaye ingabizi kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iiNgxelo zabaThengi zenze umsebenzi ofanayo woqoqosho lwamafutha kwi-Prius eneminyaka eyi-10 ene-mileage yeekhilomitha ezingama-330,000 kunye ne-Prius eneminyaka eyi-10 ene-mileage yeekhilomitha ezingama-3,200. Novavanyo lokusebenza. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iimoto ezindala kunye nezitsha eziye zasetyenziswa iminyaka eyi-10 kwaye ziqhube iikhilomitha ezingama-330,000 ziye zagcina inqanaba elifanayo lokusebenzisa amafutha kunye nokusebenza kwamandla, kubonisa ukuba i-nickel-metal hydride battery pack kunye ne-hybrid power system inokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. .

Ukususela ekuthandeni izithuthi zamandla amatsha (umbane ococekileyo kunye ne-plug-in hybrid) kwimarike yasekhaya ngo-2015, izithuthi zamandla amatsha ezisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium zinobomi bebhetri obuncitshisiweyo emva kwenani elithile leminyaka yokusetyenziswa, kwaye amandla abo ayancipha kakhulu. iindawo zokushisa eziphantsi ebusika, ezibangela abaninzi abanini beemoto Kukho inkxalabo yokunyamezela ecacileyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Oku kubangelwa iimpawu zeebhetri ze-lithium. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka eyi-3-4 yezithuthi zamandla amatsha, izinga eliphezulu lewaranti lingama-45% kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa neyona moto iphantsi kwepetroli kunye ne-60% kuphela (iminyaka efanayo yemoto), ephantsi kakhulu.

3. Ukwenziwa kweebhetri ezivumelana nokusingqongileyo

Nangona ibhetri ye-lithium ayinayo impembelelo yememori, umjikelo wentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa ngokubanzi malunga namaxesha angama-600 kuphela. Kwimeko enzima yokuhlawula ngokukhawuleza kwangoku kunye nokukhupha kunye nokugqithiswa kunye nokugqithiswa, ubomi bebhetri buyancipha kakhulu. Ukongezelela, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ze-electrolyte eziphilayo, ukuchasana kwebhetri ye-lithium kwanda ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kugxininiswe kakhulu kwi-0 ° C, engakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi -10 ° C. Ngokwahlukileyo, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ze-alkaline electrolyte, ubushushu bokusebenza kweebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride bunokuba ngaphantsi ukuya kuma-40°C. Ngoko ke, amandla kunye noqoqosho lwezithuthi ezixubileyo azitshintshi kakhulu ebusika.

Okokugqibela, iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zinobuhlobo ngakumbi nokusingqongileyo kuba aziqukethe izinto ezinetyhefu kakhulu. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride ziyi-nickel kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo, onexabiso eliphezulu lokubuyisela (ixabiso elishiyekileyo) kunye nobunzima obuphantsi bokubuyiswa. Ngokusisiseko zonke zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe ukuqonda uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwemathiriyeli. Yaziwa njengelona bhetri lihambelana nokusingqongileyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iibhetri ze-lithium zinzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona. Umsebenzi weekhemikhali webhetri ye-lithium ngokwayo yenza indlela yobugcisa yokuhlaziywa kwayo ibe nzima kakhulu. Ibhetri kufuneka ilungiswe kwangaphambili, kubandakanywa ukukhupha, ukuqhawula, ukutyunyuzwa kunye nokuhlelwa. Iplastiki edityanisiweyo kunye ne-casing yensimbi inokuphinda isetyenziswe, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu: i-voltage eshiyekileyo isengamakhulu amaninzi e-volts (engabandakanyi) kwaye iyingozi; i-casing yebhetri ikhuselekile, ukupakishwa ku-self-disassembly, kwaye umzamo omkhulu uvulekile; ukongeza, i-lithium ibhetri cathode Izinto zikwahluke, kunye nemfuno ephezulu ye-asidi kunye ne-alkaline isisombululo sokubuyisela. Ngetekhnoloji yangoku, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri ze-lithium lishishini elenza ilahleko.

Ukongeza kwezi zibonelelo zingasentla, iibhetri ze-Ni-MH nazo zineenzuzo zeempawu ezizinzile zokukhupha, ii-curves zokukhupha ezigudileyo, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi le-calorific. Ke ngoko, ngaphambi kokuphumelela okukhulu kwitekhnoloji yebhetri, le bhetri yeNi-MH iphantsi kwamandla ebhetri iselelona qabane libalaseleyo kwiimoto ezixubeneyo ezingadingi mandla ebhetri aphezulu. Ibhodi yePCB edibanisa iimodyuli zokulawula ezifana ne-instrumentation, i-air conditioning, i-audio, kunye namaqhosha ahlakaniphile nayo isisombululo esidibeneyo. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukugcina iindleko (kubandakanywa nokunciphisa iinxalenye, ukunciphisa iinkqubo zokuhlanganisana, ukunciphisa iintambo zocingo zesithuthi, njl.), kunye nokunciphisa indawo. Okwangoku, imisebenzi yecandelo ngalinye lesithuthi ifezekiswa ngeemodyuli zabo ezizimeleyo, ezifana namaqhosha ahlakaniphile, umoya womoya, i-audio, ipaneli yesixhobo, i-radar, ukubeka iliso koxinzelelo lwesondo, njl njl. Ezi modyuli zizimeleyo kwaye ziqaphele imisebenzi yakhe. Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zombane eziphantsi kwe-voltage akugcini nje ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zezixhobo zombane, kodwa kunciphisa iindleko zokuxilongwa kwemveliso, ukuveliswa, ukuvavanywa, ukuguqulwa, kunye nokuthengiswa emva kokuthengisa, kwandisa inkqubo yemoto yomkhweli, kwaye kunenzuzo kwi-lightweight. yemoto yonke. I-EEA ehlanganisiweyo ikwasisiseko sokuba ii-automakers zikwazi ukulawula ukhuphiswano lwabo olungundoqo.