Nakuba uhlu lwezimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla eShayina lungafaki izimoto eziningi ezingama-hybrid ezingezona i-plug-in, akunakuphikwa ukuthi izimoto ezinjengalezi azidingi ukushintsha imikhuba yabasebenzisi, kodwa zingaletha ukonga okuningi kukaphethiloli kanye nezinga lokushayela. , Okudume kakhulu kubasebenzisi.

Uma sikhuluma ngamandla ayi-hybrid, ngaphandle kweHonda, efike sekwephuzile, ithembekile emakethe yakuleli ukuthi kwaToyota kwaba ngowokuqala ukuletha lobu buchwepheshe eChina. Kusobala ukuthi iToyota isizakala ngalokhu. NgoJanuwari 2019, ukuthengiswa kwe-Camry yesizukulwane sesishiyagalombili kwafinyelela ku-19,720, lapho amamodeli ayi-hybrid alinganiselwa ku-21%. I-Leeling eshibhile, eyi-compact model idayiswe angu-26,681 ngoJanuwari, izimoto ezihlanganisiwe zenza u-20% wezimoto.

Kodwa-ke, abathengi abaningi basenemibuzo mayelana nezimoto ezihlanganisiwe. Kungani i-Toyota igxile ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride kuyilapho iningi lezimoto ezinamandla ezintsha (ezifana ne-Tesla, i-NIO, i-BYD, njll.) zisetshenziswa? Amabhethri e-lithium asetshenziswe ekusetshenzisweni kwezidingo zethu zansuku zonke Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride akusasebenzi. Ingabe lena ifektri yokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza? Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwebhethri ye-nickel-metal hydride ezimotweni ezixubile kunezinzuzo ezinkulu, hhayi iToyota kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo efana neFord neGeneral Motors. Izimoto eziningi ezinamandla zikhetha amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride njengendawo yokugcina amandla kagesi.

Amandla kagesi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke ngu-1.2V, okuyibhethri le-nickel-metal hydride.

1.22. Izinkulungwane zamabhethri, ukuphepha kuqala

Ibhethri ye-Ni-MH isibe yisinqumo sokuqala ezimotweni eziningi ngenxa yokuphepha nokuthembeka okungenakuqhathaniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-electrolyte yamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride iyisisombululo samanzi esingashi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla athile okushisa nokushisa kokuhwamuka kwebhethri ye-nickel-metal hydride electrolyte kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa, kuyilapho ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, okusho ukuthi ngisho noma kwenzeka i-short-circuit, ukubhoboza nokunye okungavamile ngokwedlulele. izimo, ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kwebhethri akwanele ukubangela ukuvutha. Ekugcineni, njengomkhiqizo webhethri ovuthiwe, ibhethri ye-Ni-MH inobunzima bokulawula ikhwalithi ephansi kanye nesivuno esikhulu.

Kusukela ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2014, ngaphezu kuka-73% wezimoto eziyingxubevange emhlabeni zisebenzisa amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, okuyizimoto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8. Lezi zimoto ezingama-hybrid zibe nezingozi ezimbi zokuphepha kwebhethri ngesikhathi zisetshenziswa. Njengommeleli wezimoto eziyingxube yezentengiselwano, iToyota Prius ayinakho ukulahlekelwa okusobala kwempilo yebhethri ngenxa yezinqubo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zokushaja nokukhipha ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 yokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride avuthiwe angamabhethri abaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiso.

Ibhethri pack ye-Prius ayizange ibe nezingozi ezimbi zokuphepha. Iphekhi yebhethri ishajelwe ngomgunyathi abahloli bangaphandle.

Ukushaja okungashoni, impilo ende

Okwesibili, amabhethri e-Ni-MH anokushaja okuhle okusheshayo nokusebenza kokukhipha. Isibonelo, amandla ebhethri emoto eyi-twin-engine yesizukulwane sesishiyagalombili i-Camry ingu-6.5 kWh kuphela, engaphansi kwengxenye yomthamo wezimoto ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa i-plug-in ngaphezu kuka-10 kWh. Amabhethri e-Ni-MH anenzuzo kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lithium ngoba indlela yokusebenza yesistimu ye-hybrid idinga ukuthi amabhethri ashajwe futhi akhishwe ngokushesha.

Nakuba ukuminyana kwamandla wamabhethri e-Ni-MH kungu-60-80% kuphela walawo amabhethri e-lithium (amabhethri e-lithium angu-100J/m), amabhethri e-Ni-MH anezidingo eziphansi zokuvikela ukuphepha nokulawula izinga lokushisa, futhi kulula ukutholakala ku-hybrid encane. izimoto. Isikhundla sakho.

Ngaphansi kwesu eliphusile lamandla, isistimu yamandla eyisipesheli yezimoto zikagesi eziyingxube zingasebenzisa kuphela u-10% womthamo webhethri ngesikhathi sokushayela. Ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, umthamo omkhulu webhethri ungafinyelela kuphela ku-40%. Ngamanye amazwi, cishe u-60% kagesi awukaze usetshenziswe. Leli su lokuphatha ibhethri libizwa ngokuthi ukushaja okungajulile, okunganweba kakhulu impilo yamabhethri e-nickel-chromium, futhi umphumela wayo wenkumbulo uthuthukiswa kakhulu, ngemijikelezo yokukhishwa kwe-charge engaphezu kuka-10,000.

I-Consumer Reports yenza inhlolovo yabanikazi bePrius abangaphezu kuka-36,000 futhi yaphetha ngokuthi imoto ithembekile futhi ishibhile kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Kuze kube manje, i-Consumer Reports yenza umsebenzi ofanayo wokonga uphethiloli kuPrius eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala enebanga elingamakhilomitha angu-330,000 kanye ne-Prius eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala enebanga elingamakhilomitha angu-3,200. Nokuhlolwa kokusebenza. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izimoto ezindala nezintsha osekuphele iminyaka engu-10 zihamba amakhilomitha angu-330,000 XNUMX zigcine izinga lokusebenzisa uphethiloli kanye nokusebenza kwamandla, okukhombisa ukuthi i-nickel-metal hydride battery pack kanye ne-hybrid power system isengakwazi ukusebenza ngendlela ejwayelekile. .

Kusukela ekudumeni kwezimoto zamandla amasha (i-hybrid ehlanzekile kagesi kanye ne-plug-in) emakethe yasekhaya ngo-2015, izimoto ezintsha zamandla ezisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium zinempilo yebhethri encishisiwe ngemuva kwenani elithile leminyaka yokusetshenziswa, futhi amandla azo ancishiswa kakhulu izindawo zokushisa eziphansi ebusika, okubangela abanikazi abaningi bezimoto Kukhona ukukhathazeka okucacile kokukhuthazela ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kubangelwa izici zamabhethri e-lithium. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni engu-3-4 yezimoto zamandla amasha, izinga eliphezulu lewaranti lingama-45% kuphela, uma liqhathaniswa nemoto ephansi kakhulu kaphethiloli ene-60% kuphela (iminyaka efanayo yemoto), ephansi kakhulu.

3. Ibhethri elinobungani bemvelo likhiqiza izimoto ezingayingeni imvelo

Nakuba ibhethri ye-lithium ingenawo umthelela wenkumbulo, umjikelezo wokushaja nokukhipha ngokuvamile cishe izikhathi ezingama-600. Esimeni esiyinkimbinkimbi sokushaja okusheshayo kwamanje nokukhipha kanye nokushajwa ngokweqile nokukhipha ngokweqile, impilo yebhethri incipha kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-electrolyte eziphilayo, ukumelana kwebhethri ye-lithium kukhula ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi ukusebenza kwawo kuncishiswa kakhulu ku-0 ° C, okungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa okuvamile ku–10 ° C. Ngokuphambene, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-alkaline electrolyte, izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo lamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride lingaba ngaphansi kokuthi -40°C. Ngakho-ke, amandla nomnotho wezimoto ezihlanganisiwe azishintshi kakhulu ebusika.

Okokugcina, amabhethri e-Ni-MH anobungani bemvelo ngoba awaqukethe izinto ezinobuthi obukhulu. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride yi-nickel nomhlaba ongajwayelekile, onenani eliphezulu lokutakula (inani eliyinsalela) kanye nobunzima bokuthola kabusha obuphansi. Ngokuyisisekelo konke kungagaywa kabusha futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha ukuze kufezeke ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwezinto zokwakha. Laziwa njengebhethri elihambisana kakhulu nemvelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhethri e-lithium anzima kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa kabusha. Umsebenzi wamakhemikhali webhethri ye-lithium ngokwawo wenza umzila wezobuchwepheshe wokugaywa kabusha kwawo ube nzima kakhulu. Ibhethri kufanele licutshungulwe kuqala, okuhlanganisa ukuchithwa, ukuqaqa, ukuchotshozwa nokuhlungwa. Ipulasitiki ehlakaziwe kanye ne-casing yensimbi ingabuyekezwa kabusha, kodwa izindleko ziphezulu: i-voltage esele isengama-volts angamakhulu amaningana (ayifakiwe) futhi iyingozi; isikhwama sebhethri siphephile, iphakheji iyazihlakaza, futhi umzamo omkhulu uvuliwe; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lithium ibhethri cathode Izinto nazo zihlukile, ngesidingo esikhulu se-asidi ne-alkaline izixazululo zokubuyisela. Ngobuchwepheshe bamanje, ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium kuyibhizinisi elidala ukulahlekelwa.

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo ezingenhla, amabhethri e-Ni-MH nawo anezinzuzo zezici ezizinzile zokukhipha, amajika okukhipha abushelelezi, kanye nenani eliphansi le-calorific. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuphumelela okukhulu kubuchwepheshe bebhethri, leli bhethri le-Ni-MH elinamandla aphansi lisenguzakwethu ongcono kakhulu wezimoto eziyingxube ezingadingi amandla ebhethri aphezulu. Ibhodi le-PCB elihlanganisa amamojula okulawula anjenge-instrumentation, isimo somoya, izinkinobho ezilalelwayo, nezinkinobho ezihlakaniphile liphinde libe yisixazululo esididiyelwe. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa isisindo, ukonga izindleko (okuhlanganisa ukunciphisa izingxenye, ukunciphisa izinqubo zokuhlanganisa, ukunciphisa amahhanisi ezintambo zezimoto, njll.), nokunciphisa isikhala. Njengamanje, imisebenzi yengxenye ngayinye yemoto yenziwa ngamamojula azo azimele, njengezinkinobho ezihlakaniphile, isimo somoya, umsindo, iphaneli yensimbi, irada, ukuqapha ingcindezi yesondo, njll. Lawa mamojula azimele komunye nomunye futhi ayaqaphela imisebenzi yakhe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini kagesi ene-voltage ephansi akugcini nje ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zezinto zikagesi, kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokuxilongwa komkhiqizo, ukukhiqizwa, ukuhlolwa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokuthengiswa ngemva kokuthengisa, kuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemoto yabagibeli, futhi kunenzuzo ku-lightweight. yemoto yonke. I-EEA edidiyelwe futhi iyisisekelo sokuba abakhiqizi bezimoto bakwazi ukuncintisana kwabo okubalulekile.