Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezimoto zamandla amasha, izwe lami seliphenduke izwe elisemngceleni ekukhiqizeni nasekudayiseni izimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla. Ukukhiqizwa nokudayiswa kwamabhethri kagesi kuyanda unyaka nonyaka. Ukutholwa kwamabhethri kagesi kuseduze futhi umphakathi unaka kakhulu.

Izimoto zamandla amasha zinempilo yesevisi. Uma ibhethri lamandla emoto kagesi ilahlwa ngendlela engafanele ngemva kokulahlwa, kuzoletha umthelela wemvelo kanye nobungozi bokuphepha emphakathini ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokumoshwa kwezinsiza ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke, ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri kagesi ezimotweni zamandla amasha kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium kubhekisela ekugayweni kabusha okuphakathi kwamabhethri alahliwe, ukugaywa kabusha kwe-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese, ithusi, i-aluminium, i-lithium nezinye izakhi ebhethrini ngobuchwepheshe benqubo, bese zigaywa kabusha lezi zinto zibuyela kuphakethe lebhethri le-lithium. futhi sisebenzise izimoto zamandla amasha.

Esigabeni sokuqala semboni, inqubomgomo isekela ukuthuthukiswa

Njengenkundla evelayo, ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla kuseyinsakavukela. Ukuze kuqiniswe ukuphathwa kokugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri aphehla amandla ezimotweni zamandla amasha, kufane ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni, futhi kugqugquzelwe ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinsiza, umbuso ukhiphe izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziningi.

NgoJanuwari 2018, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, Ihhovisi Lamandla, Umnyango Wezokuvikela Imvelo kanye neminye iminyango ngokuhlanganyela yakhipha “Izinyathelo Zesikhashana Zokuphathwa Kokugaywa Kabusha Nokusetshenziswa Kwamabhethri Amandla Ezimotweni Zamandla Amasha.”

Ukumenyezelwa “Kwezinyathelo Zesikhashana Zokuphathwa Kokugaywa Kabusha Nokusetshenziswa Kwamabhethri Amandla Ezimotweni Ezintsha Zamandla” kunikeza isiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa okunempilo kokugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri kagesi ezimotweni zamandla amasha. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kangcono ukuqaliswa “Kwezinyathelo Zokuphatha”, iminyango efanele eyalandela yakhipha “Imithetho Yesikhashana Yokuphathwa Kokugaywa Kabusha Nokulandelelwa Kwamabhethri Amandla Ezinqola Zamandla Ezintsha.”

Izinqubo ezihlukene zokugaywa kabusha zingahlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene

Ibhethri lamandla wuhlobo lomkhiqizo olusetshenziswa kakhulu. Amabhethri e-lithium asebenzisa i-metal oxide efakwe i-lithium ion njengama-electrode ukuze adlulisele ama-ion e-lithium ukuze aqedele ukushaja nokukhipha. Amabhethri e-lithium ngokuvamile akhiwa i-electrode evumayo, i-electrode engeyinhle, isihlukanisi, ne-electrolyte.

Kunobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokugaywa kabusha bamabhethri kagesi, afanele izikhathi ezahlukene.

(1) I-Pyrometallurgy

Ibhethri ye-lithium yemfucuza yosiwe ekushiseni okuphezulu, futhi i-powder enhle equkethe insimbi ne-metal oxide itholakala ngokuchotshozwa okulula kwemishini.

Izici zenqubo: Inqubo ilula futhi ifanele ukucutshungulwa kwezinga elikhulu; kodwa ukushiswa kwe-electrolyte yebhethri nezinye izakhi kungabangela kalula ukungcoliswa komoya. Inqubo ye-pyrometallurgical iboniswa esithombeni.

(2) Inqubo ehlanganisiwe yokugaywa kabusha

Ngokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezihlanganisiwe zokugaya kabusha, izinzuzo zenqubo ngayinye eyisisekelo zingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele futhi izinzuzo zezomnotho zokugaywa kabusha zingakhuliswa.

(3) I-Hydrometallurgy

Ngemuva kokuthi amabhethri emfucumfucu ephukile, achithwa ngokukhetha ngama-reagents amakhemikhali afanelekile ukuze ahlukanise izakhi zensimbi ku-leachate. Izici zenqubo: ukuzinza okuhle kwenqubo, okulungele ukubuyiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium amancane naphakathi nendawo; kodwa izindleko ziphezulu, futhi uketshezi olulahlwayo ludinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe.

(4) Ukuqaqa umzimba

Ngemva kokuchotshozwa, ukusefa, ukuhlukaniswa kazibuthe, ukugaya kahle, nokuhlukaniswa kwephakethe lebhethri, kutholwa izinto zokuqukethwe okuphezulu, bese kwenziwa isinyathelo esilandelayo sokugaywa kabusha. Izici zenqubo: Inqubo ihambisana kakhulu nemvelo futhi ngeke ikhiqize ukungcoliswa kwesibili; kodwa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kuphansi futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside.

Khuthaza isidingo semakethe sezimoto zamandla amasha

Ukukhuthazwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zamandla amasha sekuyinto ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Eminyakeni yakamuva, i-China ikhuthaze futhi yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi. Ngokukhuphuka okusheshayo kwemakethe yezimoto zamandla amasha, isidingo samabhethri e-lithium samandla silandele.

Ngokwezibalo, imakethe yezimoto zamandla amasha yezwe lami ikhule ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthengiswa kukhuphuke kusuka ku-18,000 ngo-2013 kuya ku-777,000 ngo-2017, okuwukukhuphuka konyaka ngo-4216.7%. Kuze kube kulo nyaka, naphezu komthelela wokulungiswa komxhaso, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zamandla amasha kuye kwagcina ukukhula ngokushesha. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Agasti, ukudayiswa kwezimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla amasha kufinyelele ku-601,000, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngama-88%. Ngo-2018, i-China kulindeleke ukuthi ithengise izimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla e-1.5 million.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwedatha evela eMnyangweni Wezokuphepha Komphakathi, ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, inani lezimoto eChina laliyizigidi ezingama-319, inani lezimoto laliyizigidi ezingama-229. Kusukela ekupheleni kwengxenye yokuqala yalo nyaka, isibalo sezimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla kuleli sifinyelele ezigidini ezingu-1.99, ezibalelwa ku-0.9% kuphela yenani eliphelele lezimoto, futhi maningi amathuba okukhula.

Umphumela wokuphromotha wezimoto zamandla amasha uyamangalisa, futhi isidingo sokukhiqiza samabhethri e-lithium amandla sinamandla. Idatha yakamuva ibonisa ukuthi ngoJulayi 2018, umthamo ofakiwe wamabhethri e-lithium emakethe yezimoto zasekhaya zamandla amasha wawungu-3.4GWh, ukwanda kwe-16% inyanga nenyanga kanye nokwenyuka konyaka ngo-30%; umthamo ofakiwe kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi ube ngu-18.9GWh, okuwukukhuphuka konyaka ngo-126%.

Ngokuthandwa okwengeziwe kwezimoto zamandla amasha esikhathini esizayo, ukuphuma kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium kuzoqhubeka nokukhuphuka, futhi izinga lokukhula lizokwehla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiwe wamabhethri we-lithium wamandla waseChina uzodlula u-140GWh. Njengoba amandla amabhethri e-lithium engena emakethe, inani elikhulu lamabhethri asethathe umhlalaphansi lizolahlwa ngemva kokufinyelela ekupheleni kwempilo yawo yesevisi. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemakethe yezimoto zamandla amasha kanye nokukhuphuka kwamabhethri e-lithium amandla kulethe isidingo esikhulu embonini yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium.

Imakethe yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium inamathemba abanzi futhi isikali semakethe sikhulu

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwamabhethri kagesi kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka, futhi inani elikhulu lamabhethri libhekene ne-scrap ne-scrap. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kusukela ekubalweni okuphelele kwesikhathi sewaranti yenkampani, impilo yomjikelezo webhethri, nezimo zokusetshenziswa kwemoto, ibhethri lamandla emoto entsha izongena empeshenini enkulu ngemuva kuka-2018, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi idlule amathani angama-200,000 (24.6GWh) ) ngo-2020. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma u-70% engasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-echelon, cishe amathani angu-60,000 amabhethri azochithwa.

Ukwenyuka okusheshayo kwenani lokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhethri lamandla kulethe imakethe enkulu yemboni yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium yamandla.

Isilinganiso semakethe yokugaywa kabusha esakhiwe ngokubuyisa i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-lithium, insimbi, i-aluminium, njll. emabhethri e-lithium alahlwayo azodlula ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.3 ngo-2018, ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 ngo-2020, kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-25 ngo-2023.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri e-lithium amandla anokuqukethwe kwensimbi okuhlukile, okuhambisana namanani ahlukene nezintengo zezinsimbi ezigaywa kabusha. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2018, kumabhethri e-lithium asanda kulahlwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nickel okugaywe kabusha kuphezulu ngamathani ayi-18,000. Ngemva kokubala, intengo ehambisanayo yokugaywa kabusha kwe-nickel ifinyelele kumayuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.4. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-nickel, izinga lokubuyisela i-lithium lincane kakhulu, kodwa intengo yokubuyisela iphakeme kakhulu kune-nickel, ifinyelela ku-2.6 billion yuan. Ukwenyusa ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium abe ngaphezu kuka-400Wh/kg kuzokhuphula ngokuphawulekayo imayela lezimoto zikagesi. Uma sithatha i-BAIC EV200 njengesibonelo, ibhethri elingu-400Wh/kg lilingana nevolumu yamandla angaphezu kuka-800Wh/L. Ngenkathi ugcina umthamo wephakethe lebhethri elikhona kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okungamakhilomitha ayi-100 ngethani ngalinye kungashintshiwe, ukushaja okukodwa akukwazi ukuhlala amakhilomitha angama-620 kuphela; kungase futhi kunciphise izindleko, kunwebe impilo yesevisi, futhi kuxazulule inkinga yomehluko omkhulu wokusebenza phakathi kwezimoto zikagesi nezimoto zikaphethiloli. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, uLi Hong uthe engxoxweni abe nayo nentatheli yakwaScience and Technology Daily.

Njengoba ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwebhethri yemoto yamandla entsha ye-lithium kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile kuso sonke isakhiwo, umsebenzi wephrojekthi ukuthuthukisa ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri ochungechungeni lwezimboni olungaphezu kuka-400 wh/kg, kanye nokuqoqiwe. ukuqonda kwezindaba ezibalulekile eziyisisekelo zesayensi nobuchwepheshe obubalulekile , Futhi inikeze ireferensi ebalulekile nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwenkampani kanyekanye kwamabhethri angu-300 wh/kg.

Kule phrojekthi, izinto ezintsha zebhethri ye-lithium yempilo ende kanye nethimba elisha le-R&D lenza umsebenzi wokuphonsela inselelo ukuminyana kwamandla okwedlulele kwebhethri.