Ga yawancin masana’antu, shekarar 2020 da ta gabata babu shakka shekara ce mai matukar wahala, amma ga sabbin motocin makamashi, shekara ce ta sa’a.

NIO wani sabon karfi ne a masana’antar kera motoci na cikin gida. Tun bayan da aka jera shi a kasuwannin hannayen jari na Amurka a watan Yunin 2020, farashin hannun jarinsa ya karu da sama da kashi 1,200, wanda ya zarce darajar kasuwan kamfanonin kera motoci na gargajiya irin su Mercedes-Benz da General Motors. Ba a ambaci Tesla a tsakiyar hadari ba. Darajar kasuwar sa a halin yanzu tana kusan dala biliyan 830, wanda ya zarce General Motors, Toyota da Ford a hade.

Haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi a zahiri yana nufin haɓakar buƙatu mai mahimmanci. A cikin watanni shida da suka gabata, batir phosphate na lithium iron phosphate sun fara aiki kuma.

Dangane da bayanan da kungiyar Innovation Innovation Industry Innovation ta kasar Sin ta fitar, yawan siyar da batirin wutar lantarkin cikin gida a shekarar 2020 zai kai 65.9GWh, wanda adadin cinikin zai kasance 34.8GWh, raguwar kashi 34.4% a duk shekara; Adadin tallace-tallace na batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe zai zama 30.8GWh, karuwar shekara-shekara na 49.2%. Wannan shine kawai baturin wutar lantarki tare da karuwar tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara.

A sa’i daya kuma, dangantakar dake tsakanin wadata da bukata ta shafa, tun daga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, farashin lithium carbonate mai darajar batir ya ci gaba da hauhawa, kuma farashin na yanzu ya kai yuan 62,000-67,000.

Me yasa baturin phosphate na lithium, wanda kasuwa ba ta da fifiko a baya, ya zama “siffa mai dadi” na kasuwa? Batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe ya sake tashi?

iko da babba, shahararrun samfuran suna taimakawa kashewa

Dangane da bayanan da sabon bayanin fern ya fitar, kididdigar kididdigar kayan aikin phosphate na lithium a cikin 2019 ya kasance tan 97,500, wanda ya karu zuwa ton 142,000 a cikin 2020, karuwar shekara-shekara na 45.7%, kuma yawan ci gaban ya kasance da yawa. sama da sauran kayan cathode.

Musamman, ana fitar da kayan ne a manyan kamfanoni biyu a Jamus, Fangna da Hunan Yuling; tsakanin su, tare da tsayayye tashoshi abokin ciniki da kuma samar da iya aiki abũbuwan amfãni, da shekara-shekara fitarwa ya ci gaba da jagoranci. Guoxuan High-Tech ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin majagaba a fagen ajiyar makamashi da kekuna, wanda ke biye da shi ta hanyar buƙatunsa na ƙarfe na lithium.

(hoto daga “Foresight Economist”)

A da, sinadarin phosphate na sinadarin lithium ya fi maida hankali ne a bangaren samar da wutar lantarki, amma daga baya saboda ka’idojin tallafi, ci gaban ya fara tsayawa. Lithium iron phosphate yana da fifiko a wuraren da ba na wutar lantarki ba kamar ajiyar makamashi saboda fa’idar sa mai tsada.

Koyaya, babban filin yaƙin batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe shine fagen ƙarfin batura. A cikin 2020, kasuwar batirin wutar lantarki za ta yi lissafin kusan rabin yawan amfani da kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe na lithium, kasuwar ajiyar makamashi za ta yi kasa da 30%, kuma bayan-tallace-tallace da sassan kekuna za su kai kashi 7% da 4% , bi da bi.

Kwanan nan, batir phosphate na lithium iron phosphate sun fara karuwa, musamman saboda ci gaban da aka samu a kasuwar batirin wutar lantarki. Yawancin shahararrun samfura a cikin 2020 suna sanye da batirin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate, gami da Tesla Model 3 sanye take da batirin Ningde times lithium iron phosphate batir, BYD Han sanye da batirin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate, kuma yawancin samfuran Wuling Hongguang MINI suma suna sanye da lithium iron phosphate. . Baturi

Ci gaban fasaha, tallafi ko gaba duk abin da ake iya faɗi

Na yi imani yawancin mutane sun saba da batir phosphate na lithium iron phosphate. Saboda tsawon rayuwar sabis, babban aminci, kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki, babban ƙarfin aiki, da kariyar muhalli, ya jawo hankalin jama’a a cikin masana’antu. A farkon matakin kasuwar sabbin motocin makamashi na cikin gida, yawancin motocin lantarki sun yi amfani da batir phosphate na lithium, kamar farkon Roewe E550 da BYD Qin.

Koyaya, yayin da manufofin tallafin ke da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi, buƙatar kewayon lantarki mai tsafta yana ƙaruwa, da haɓaka fasahar batirin lithium na ternary, batir lithium na ternary masu ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari da matakan iya aiki sun fara samun fifiko a kasuwa.

A lokaci guda kuma, an ƙara haɓaka wasu gazawar batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe.

Misali, yawan jijjiga da ɗigon batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe ba su da yawa, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzari; dangane da ƙarancin zafin jiki, ƙarancin ƙarancin amfani da batir lithium na ternary shine -30 ℃, yayin da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki na amfani da batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe shine -A 20 ° C, ƙarancin ƙarfin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate. batura a cikin hunturu ya fi bayyane. Wannan kuma shi ne mabudin nasarar da BYD ya samu a kudancin kasar Sin, amma da wuya a bude kasuwar arewacin kasar.

A halin yanzu, batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe sun dawo da tagomashin kasuwa, musamman saboda abubuwa biyu masu zuwa:

Daya shine ci gaba a fasaha. Bayan ƙaddamar da batirin ruwan wukake na BYD, Fasahar Guniu ta ƙaddamar da sabon samfurin batirin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2021. Dangane da “Makarfin silicon anode abu mai girma gram da fasaha ta pre-lithium”, ƙarfin ƙarfinsa shine 210Wh/kg.

A cikin ‘yan kwanaki masu zuwa, NiO zai ƙaddamar da baturi mai ƙarfi na 150kWh (daga baya ya bayyana kuma ya yarda cewa ainihin baturi mai ƙarfi ne) tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin 360Wh/kg. Zhihai Electric ta fito da sabuwar motarta ta farko kuma ta sanar da cewa ta rungumi fasahar batir mai yanke hukunci tare da CATL. Yawan kuzarin baturi ɗaya zai iya kaiwa 300Wh/kg. Kamfanonin biyu sun karɓi fasahar “silicon anode material + pre-lithium” fasahar.

Daga lokacin, kasa da wata guda ya shude tun daga 2021. A cikin zamani na zamani, Ningde, Wei, Smart Cars da GAC ​​sun nuna kyakkyawan fata game da fasahar lithium na kayan silicon anode, suna nuna albarkar sabuwar fasaha ta “silicon carbon. anode, pre lithium” phosphoric acid Lithium baƙin ƙarfe baturi ana sa ran bude wa masana’antu-sikelin gabatarwa da aikace-aikace a wannan shekara.

Na biyu, manufar bayar da tallafin na ci gaba da tabarbarewa sannu a hankali, kuma sabbin masana’antun kera makamashi na bukatar rage farashin kera motoci cikin gaggawa, don haka sai su karkata akalarsu ga batirin lithium iron phosphates.

A watan Afrilun shekarar 2020, an fitar da sabon tsarin tallafin makamashi, wanda ba wai kawai ya nuna cewa farashin sabbin tallafin makamashi kafin tallafin dole ne ya kasance cikin yuan 300,000 ba, har ma ya bayyana karfi da saurin raguwar tallafin sannu a hankali cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. A ranar karshe ta shekarar 2020, Ma’aikatar Kudi, Ma’aikatar Masana’antu da Fasahar Sadarwa, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha, da Hukumar Bunkasa Kasa da Kasa ta Kasa, sun ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa cewa, matakin tallafin sabbin motocin makamashi a shekarar 2021 zai kasance. ya ragu da kashi 20% daga matakin 2020. A lokaci guda, tsarin nuna fasaha na tallafin sayayya na yanzu da buƙatun ƙofa ba za su canza ba a cikin 2021.

Idan aka kwatanta da ternary lithium iron phosphate baturi, lithium baƙin ƙarfe batura suna da babban fa’ida. A baya can, mutumin da ke da alhakin kera tsarin batir ya ce mafi ƙarancin farashin batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe ban da haraji kusan 0.4 yuan / Wh, farashin fakitin ciki shine yuan 0.6 / Wh kuma bambancin farashin tsakanin kamfanoni daban-daban shine 0.1. -0.15 yuan / W Ko da ƙari; Farashin fakitin NCM523 na ternary kusan 0.75-0.9 yuan/Wh.

Ba cikakke ba ne, duka biyu na iya biyan bukatun bambance-bambance

Babu wani abu da yake cikakke. Ko da yake akwai ci gaba a cikin yawan makamashi da fa’idodin tsada, idan aka kwatanta da baturan lithium na ternary, ƙimar sake amfani da batura bayan yin ritaya ya ragu, wanda har yanzu babban hasara ne.

A kasar Sin, idan sauran karfin batirin wutar lantarki ya ci gaba da girma bayan yin ritaya, za a yi amfani da shi a hankali. Idan ƙarfin baturin ya yi ƙasa sosai, za a ƙwace kuma a sake yin fa’ida. Idan aka kwatanta da baturan phosphate na baƙin ƙarfe na lithium, abubuwan da ke cikin nickel, cobalt, da manganese a cikin batir lithium na ternary sun fi girma, wanda ke da ƙimar sake amfani da ita kuma ya dace da sake amfani da kamfanoni don samun riba mai yawa. Don haka, tsarin ribar kasuwanci don sake amfani da sharar batir lithium na ternary ya balaga.

Sabanin haka, sake yin amfani da batirin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate ba tattalin arziki ba ne. Farashin sake amfani da batir lithium na ternary na yanzu shine 0.2-0.3 yuan/Wh, kuma ragowar darajar batir lithium da aka goge ya kai yuan 0.1/Wh, yayin da baturin phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe kusan ba su da fa’ida.

Yanzu, duk da fa’idodin da ke tattare da batirin lithium baƙin ƙarfe phosphate ta fuskar hawan keke da aminci, batirin lithium na ternary har yanzu suna da halaye na musamman. Babu ɗayan waɗannan biyun da ba za su iya zama tare ba, amma za a yi amfani da batir phosphate na ƙarfe na lithium a aikace-aikace da yawa. Shirye-shirye a cikin motocin kasuwanci na lantarki da motocin fasinja na A-class da A0-class da ƙasa sun fi kula da farashi. Wannan ɓangaren masu amfani yana neman ƙima; batirin lithium na uku za a fi amfani da su a cikin manyan motocin fasinja waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan aiki.